Henry VIII- Pilgrimage of Grace

Question 1

socio-economic causes- taxation

Answer 1

• 1534 Subsidy Tax –> increased financial burden in the north
• fear of further taxation
• two years of poor harvests worsened the situation

Question 2

socio-economic causes- enclosure and tenancy

Answer 2

• entry fines placed on tenants
• enclosure in West Riding of Yorkshire, Lake District, York –> displaced farmers
• increased competition for land

Question 3

socio-economic causes- monasteries

Answer 3

• closure of monasteries= loss of education, charity alms, and accommodation
• increased homelessness and unemployment

Question 4

political causes- Cromwell’s influence

Answer 4

• Cromwell (low birth, son of a blacksmith) resented by nobles
• belief that Cromwell was controlling Henry and the government
• dissolution of monasteries challenged traditional structures

Question 5

religious causes- Catholic opposition

Answer 5

• rebels were devout Catholics loyal to the Pope
• opposed Protestant reforms and break with Rome
• feared spiritual and social decline

Question 6

religious causes- church reforms

Answer 6

• 1535: government- controlled preaching licenses
• clergymen preaching in support of the Pope imprisoned
• Act of Ten Articles (1536) reduced holy sacraments from 7 to 3

Question 7

preconditions

Answer 7

• traditional Catholic beliefs
• resentment against Cromwell’s power
• monasteries central role in society

Question 8

catalysts

Answer 8

• taxation increases (1534 subsidy tax)
• 2 years of poor harvests
• ongoing dissolution of monasteries

Question 9

triggers

Answer 9

• dissolution of the monasteries (1536)
• religious reforms like the Act of Ten Articles
• Cromwell’s injunctions against Catholic practices

Question 11

leadership- Sir Francis Bigod

Answer 11

• Yorkshire gentry, evangelical
• opposed Henry’s supremacy
• distrusted Henry and Norfolk

Question 12

leadership- Thomas Cromwell

Answer 12

• reforms made him the rebel target
• used rebellion to remove Yorkist threats
• further dissolved monasteries, enforced reforms like the Great Bible (1539)

Question 13

leadership- Henry VIII

Answer 13

• asserted royal supremacy, rejected rebel demands
• used threats and negotiation
• promised concessions but broke them later

Question 14

leadership- Duke of Norfolk

Answer 14

• advised negotiation, secured compromise
• acted as enforcer in North after further unrest
• balanced repression and diplomacy

Question 15

level of support

Answer 15

• up to 30,000 rebels
• support from commons, gentry and some nobility
• controlled Hull, York, Skipton Castle

Question 16

military capability

Answer 16

• captured key northern cities (York, Hull)
• access to weapons and potential forge in supplies
• no significant battles; relied on negotiations