Henry VIII - Reformation Flashcards
(38 cards)
1
Q
Henry - Defender of the faith
A
- Henry started his reign as a good Roman catholic
- He firmly believed in the doctrines and practices of the faith
- Henry wrote a book names ‘In Defence of the Seven Sacraments’
- For this, the Pope awarded him the title ‘Defender of the faith’
- Henry wrote his book to defend Catholicism against the reformation, protestantism and Martin Luther
2
Q
Features of a catholic church
A
- Altar, which is apart from the congregation
- Ornate robes
- Painted walls depicting Bible stories
- Stain glass windows
- Elaborate crucifix and statues of saints
3
Q
Features of a protestant church
A
- Plain table instead of altar
- Simple robes
- No ornate decoration
- Plain windows
- Royal crest instead of religious decoration
4
Q
Martin Luther
A
- Started the reformation process
- Luther wanted a religion that was based on Bible teachings not one central figure such and financial gain
5
Q
Features of the RCC
A
- Headed by the Pope
- The central function was to deliver the seven sacraments
- During the eucharist, it is believed that the bread and wine were actually turned into Jesus’ body and blood. This is called transubstantiation
- Church services and the Bible were in Latin
- Images of saints were worshipped
- Completing a pilgramige was seen as a good way of achieving God’s approval
- Priests had a special status in the Eucharist which was reflected in their ornate clothing
6
Q
Features of Protestantism
A
- No pope, monarch should be head
- The church was there to preach the word of God. Only three sacraments are mentioned as Jesus did each (Eucharist, baptism and penance)
- In the eucharist, bread and wine remained as bread and wine. The service is about remembering Jesus
- Services and the Bible were now in English making it more accessible
- Images and statues of saints were seen as superstitious
- Pilgramiges were seen as a waste of time
- Priests were ordinary men
7
Q
Indulgences
A
- Paying for a guaranteed access to heaven
- Catholics saw this as necessary to repent sin
- Luther and protestants saw this as corrupt
8
Q
Reasons for Henry’s campaign against Catholicism
A
- The succession
- New protestant ideas
- The state of the church
- Money
9
Q
Henry VIII and the succession
A
- Henry’s failed marriage to Catherine convinced him that God disapproved of the nature of the marriage
- Therefore, He punished Henry with his failure for a son
- Henry threatened to break with Rome for the annulment but Pope Clement VII was under the control of Charles V causing the annulment to stall
10
Q
The impact of protestantism
A
- Henry was heavily influenced by new protestant ideas as some of the most important people in his life were supporters of protestantism such as Cromwell and Cranmer
- William Tyndale was an English protestant and he wrote a book named Obedience of the Christian Man. In the book it states, God intended for kings to rule all of their kingdom and not the Pope, Henry agreed
- But Henry only believed in some parts of Protestantism and he still did not agree with Luther
11
Q
Anti-Clericalism
A
- Henry was partly concerned by he state of the catholic church in England
- ## Other people felt the same way such as merchants and lawyers as they felt let down
12
Q
Richard Hunne
A
- Richard Hunne summed up everything that was wrong with catholicism
- Hunne was a merchant whose baby son died in 1511
- He refused to pay high funeral fees and was sued by a local priest
- He was then arrested on charges of owning protestant literautre
- He was then found hanging in his prison cell, authorities claim it was suicide but there is a possibility he was murdered by a clergyman
13
Q
Money and the church
A
- Hnery had been involved in a lot of expensive wars in the early 1500s
- Henry needed to raise more money as taxes did not pay generate enough money
- The banning of annates to Rome showed Henry was interested in revenue but not enough money was generated from these
14
Q
The Act of Succession, 1534
A
- Henry’s marriage to Catherine of Aragon was declared invalid, instead Anne Boleyn was declared a lwaful and wedded queen
- Only children from the second marriage would therefore inherit the throne
- Princess Mary was therfore made illegitimate and removed from the line of succession
15
Q
The significance of the act of succession
A
- It completely changed the line of successikn
- It established Anne Boleyn’s position as queen by law
- It was a significant step towards a break from Rome. Henry now completely rejected the authority of Rome to decide the annulment
- Henry responded by ordering that the Pope’s name was to be struck out of all prayer books
16
Q
The Act of Supremacy, 1534
A
- Formal acknowledgement that England was no longer under papal control
- Henry was now head of the English church and he had all the powers of the Pope
- He now had the right to decide:
— how the English church was to be organised
— the central beliefs of the English church
— who would be appointed in key positions in the English church
17
Q
The significance of the Act of Supremacy
A
- In reality, the Pope had originally played a small part of English affairs
- Although the pope did have the final say in the appointment of the swnior clergy members, he tended to agree witht the king
- Rome was rarely appealed to when a dispute was brought up in church courts
- The basic teachings of the church were already well established, so Rome did not tell the English church what to believe
18
Q
Cromwell’s role in enforcing the acts
A
- Henry and Cromwell knew the radical nature of the acts may cause a rebellion from violent Englishmen
- However Cromwell believed there would only be a small number that would have the courage to resist
- ## Many people privatley resisted but in these resistors were still considered dangerous in Henry’s England
19
Q
Cromwell’s role in enforcing the acts - oaths
A
- Cromwell turned the act of oath-making deadly
- In a clause in the Act of Succession, required individuals were to take an oath supporting Anne Boleyn’s marriage to Henry
- Refusal meant punishment on treason
- This was the oath of succession
- All religious leaders were required to take the oath
20
Q
Cromwell’s role in enforcing the acts - The Treason Act
A
- Cromwell realised the existing treason act of 1532 did not fully support the king’s needs as it did not punish those who spoke out against the divorce or the break with Rome
- Cromwell responded with the 1534 Treason act which promised death to anyone who denied royal supremacy.
- This marked a dramatic increase in the king’s power
21
Q
Heaven and Hell in Tudor life
A
- Heaven and hell played an important part in Tudor life
- They were used to make the right spiritual choices and avoid eternal damnation
- Henry’s decision to break from Rome was important to his subjects as they felt he was palying with the fate of their souls
22
Q
Opposition to the Reformation - Elizabeth Barton, the nun of Kent
A
- Elizabeth Bartonw as an ill 16 year old who claimed to have seen the Virgin Mary and was then healed
- She entered a convent at Canterbury where her visions and reputation developed
- She was visited by nobility and gentry and she would enter trances, become disfigured, spoke without moving her lips and her voice took a terrifying tone whikst describing hell
23
Q
Elizabeth’s visions for Henry VIII
A
- Elizabeth started to attack Henry in her visions
- Her main topic was the annulment
- She spoke about the need to burn all English versions of the Bible and remain loyal to the Pope
- In a meeting with the king, she told him that if he married Anne Boleyn, he would die a villains’s death
- Henry ordered Cromwell to act in July 1533 as the visions were damaging his reputation
24
Q
The arrest and execution of Elizabeth Barton
A
- July 1533 - Barton is arrested, taken to the tower of London and interrogated. 700 copies of the Nun’s book which described her visions were burned
- 23 November 1533 - Barton was humiliated at St Pauls as she was forced to confess to lying about her visions
- 21 April 1534 - Barton is executed on the same day as the start of the Oath of Succession
25
John Fisher
- Appointed Bishop of Rochester in 1504
- Gained a European wide reputation as a scholar and supported Henry in his early reign
- Supported Henry in his early reign
- After the annulment, Fisher found it impossible to support Henry
- He was against the split with Rome, he believed the powers of the Pope were given by God, with Henry claiming these powers, it was a moral sin
26
Henry’s opinion about Fisher
- Henry grew to hate Fisher and he sent thrrats to him
- Fisher did not change his stance
- Fisher escaped lightly after Barton’s arrest
- He only had a fine of £300
- This made Fisher more determined as he secretly appealed to Charles V to j vade
- In April 1534, Henry demanded that Fisher take the oath of succesion, he refused and was sent to the Tower of Londo
27
Execution of Fisher
- In May 1535, Fisher was made a cardinal by the pope
- The pope hoped that Henry would be more lenient because of this
- He was not and Fisher was executed in June 1535
28
Thomas More’s opposition
- In 1527, Thomas More wrote that Martain Luther and his followers were criminals who ‘bespatter the most holy image of Christ crucified with the most foul excrement of their body’
- He believed Protestantism was a threat to the English people
- He was appointed Lord Chancellor in 1529 and following the fall of Wolsey he burned protestant literature and personally interrogated heretics
29
Thomas More’s fall
- By 1532, More could no longer work for Henry as his Catholic principles were against Henry’s divorce and break from Rome
- More was loyal though and he did not want to oppose the king, so he resigned as chancellor
- He planned to retire from the public eye and stay silent but Henry did not allow this
- Because More did not offer his public support, Henry saw him as a threat
30
Thomas More’s execution
- More refused to take the Oath of Succession in April 1534 which got him sent to the Tower of London
- Whilst More had no wish to betray his principles, he also had no wish to die, he placed his hopes on silence
- More repeatedly refused to say why he denied th oath
31
Significanw of More’s execution
- The Pope threatened to excommunicate Henry
- The execuiton of one of Europe’s great scholars enraged many and discredited Henry
- More became a martyr for the Catholic cause
- It showed that you had to declare loyalty to Henry
32
Impact of the reformation on the English church
- The act of Supremacy changed the struof the church by cutting links with Rome and establishing the king as its new leader, the pope however had been distant so it did change the worshipping of God
- Between 1534-40, there had been a struggle between conservative catholics and religious reformers
33
Influence of Cromwell on reformation - Ten Articles July 1536
- People should only believe three of the seven sacraments
| - This was the first attempt to set up Henry’s new church and its belief system
34
Influence of Cromwell on reformation - August 1536 - First set of royal injunctions to clergy
- Clergy were ordered to speak in favour of royal supremacy and ten articles. Priests were ordered to discourage holy days of saints and pilgramiges
- Attempt to make sure the clergy delivered the same message
35
Influence of Cromwell on reformation - July 1537 - Bishops book
- The other four sacraments were declared valid but of lesser significance
- It stated the main duty of priest was to preach
- Second attempt to redefine faith
36
The work of Cranmer for the reformation
- Cranmer acted as a supporting figure to Cromwell
- Helped draft the Bishops book and the ten articles
- Originally lived in obscurity
- Took Henry’s attention when supporting him theough the annulment
- Cranmer was flexible with Henry and oversaw the burning of protestants with similar beliefs to him
37
Henry VIII and a return to Catholicism
By the end of the decande, Henry decided the reformation had gone too far
- He returned to his catholic values and burned priest John Lambert for denying transubstantiation
- Henry passed the Six Articles to show a clear statement of Catholic doctrine
- It confirmed purgatory and transubstantiation and stated that priests should remain celibate
- Cranmer had to send his family abroad for safety
38
Dissolution of the monasteries
- At the start of Henry’s reign, England was a land of Monasteries and Abbeys
- 800 religious houses served by 10,000 monks and nuns
- Monasteries had educational and social roles in communities
- By 1540, there were none left under the act of supremacy
