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hepatitis Flashcards

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1
Q

Primary hepatitis

A

Inflammation of the liver due to viral infection

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2
Q

Hepatitis A AKA

A

Enterovirus 72

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3
Q

Hepatitis A Family

A

Picornaviridae

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4
Q

Hepatitis A Characteristics

A

Non-enveloped, icosahedral, RNA virus

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5
Q

Hepatitis A Disease Nature

A

Self-limited, does not result in chronic infection; same with Hepa E

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6
Q

Hepatitis A Vaccine

A

Available

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7
Q

Hepatitis A Causative Agent

A

Hepatitis A virus

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8
Q

Hepatitis A Common Cause

A

Infectious hepatitis, most common cause of hepatitis

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9
Q

Hepatitis A Onset

A

Abrupt onset

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10
Q

Hepatitis A Incubation Period

A

15 to 50 days (average 28 days)

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11
Q

Hepatitis A Detection

A

Detected in stool, not serum

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12
Q

Hepatitis A Mode of Transmission

A

Fecal-oral route

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13
Q

Hepatitis A Risk Factors

A

Travellers, sex contacts, household contacts, MSM, drug users, clotting-factor disorders

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14
Q

Hepatitis A Transmission Routes

A

Close person-to-person contact, sexual contact, contaminated food or drinks

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15
Q

Hepatitis A Markers of Infection

A

Early virus shedding in stool, IgM Anti-HAV, IgG Anti-HAV

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16
Q

Hepatitis A Test Methods

A

ELISA (indirect and direct), Radioimmunoassay (RIA)

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17
Q

Hepatitis A Serology - Acute Infection

A

IgM anti-HAV positive, IgG anti-HAV negative

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18
Q

Hepatitis A Serology - Old Infection

A

IgM anti-HAV negative, IgG anti-HAV positive

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19
Q

Hepatitis A Serology - Incubation/No Infection

A

IgM anti-HAV negative, IgG anti-HAV negative

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20
Q

Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) Characteristics

A

32-34 nanometers, calicivirus, resembles Hepatitis A

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21
Q

Hepatitis E Mode of Transmission

A

Fecal-oral route, often via contaminated water

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22
Q

Hepatitis E Genus

A

Hepevirus

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23
Q

Hepatitis E Genotypes

A

HEV 1, 2 (waterborne), HEV 3, 4 (zoonotic)

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24
Q

Hepatitis E Diagnosis

A

Based on symptoms or exposure in endemic regions, serology

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25
Hepatitis E Risk for Pregnant Women
May develop fulminant liver failure and death
26
Hepatitis E Mortality Rate
High mortality rate in women
27
Hepatitis E Laboratory Diagnosis
Electron microscopy, Indirect ELISA, RT-PCR
28
Hepatitis G Virus Characteristics
RNA virus, enveloped, Flaviviridae family
29
Hepatitis G Mode of Transmission
Contact with blood, sexually transmitted, transplacental
30
Hepatitis G Pathogenicity
Common worldwide, but seems non-pathogenic
31
Hepatitis B is also known as
Serum hepatitis, Australian hepatitis
32
1st hepatitis to be discovered by Dr. Baruch Blumberg in 1963
Hepatitis B
33
Type of genome in Hepatitis B virus
Double-stranded DNA
34
Family of Hepatitis B virus
Hepadnaviridae
35
Hepatitis B virus is also known as
Dane Particle
36
Primary organ targeted by Hepatitis B virus
Liver
37
Incubation period of Hepatitis B
45 to 160 days (average 120 days)
38
Modes of transmission for Hepatitis B
Direct contact with infectious blood, semen, or other body fluids, including birth to an infected mother, sexual contact, and sharing contaminated needles or equipment
39
Best indicator for early or acute Hepatitis B infection
HBsAg (Australia antigen)
40
Marker found in the core of the intact Hepatitis B virus but not in serum
HBcAg (core antigen)
41
Serologic marker indicating high levels of Hepatitis B virus and high infectivity
HBeAg (envelope antigen)
42
First antibody to appear during Hepatitis B infection, seen during the window period
Anti-HBc
43
Serologic evidence of recovery phase in Hepatitis B
Anti-HBe
44
Marker for long-term immunity to Hepatitis B
Anti-HBs
45
HBsAg, Anti-HBc, Anti-HBs are all negative
Susceptible to acquire Hepatitis B infection
46
Anti-HBc positive only
Window period
47
Anti-HBc is positive, Anti-HBs is positive
No active infection, has immunity due to natural infection (previously infected with Hepatitis B)
48
Anti-HBs is positive only
Immune due to Hepatitis B vaccination
49
Anti-HBs and Anti-HBc positive
Recovery
50
HBsAg is positive, Anti-HBc is positive, IgM anti-HBc is positive, Anti-HBs is negative
Acutely infected with Hepatitis B
51
HBsAg is positive, Anti-HBc is positive, IgM anti-HBc is negative, Anti-HBs is negative
Chronically infected with Hepatitis B
52
HBsAg is negative, Anti-HBc is positive, Anti-HBs is negative
Possible interpretations: 1. Resolved infection (most common), 2. False-positive anti-HBc (susceptible), 3. 'Low-level' chronic infection, 4. Resolving acute infection, 5. Window stage of infection
53
Viral load in HBV infection definition
Measurement of the viral agent in the blood; signifies if a patient can be infectious
54
HBV vaccine (introduced in 1982) made by a recombinant strain
Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (common baker’s yeast)
55
1st generation HBV detection test
Ouchterlony test: precipitation reaction using double diffusion in double dimension
56
2nd generation HBV detection tests
Include Counter Immunoelectrophoresis (precipitation with electrical current), Rheophoresis (precipitation by evaporation), and Complement Fixation (based on complement binding to antigen-antibody complexes)
57
3rd generation HBV detection tests
Include Reverse Passive Latex Agglutination (agglutination test for antigen detection), Reverse Passive Hemagglutination (hemagglutination test for antigen detection), ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for antigen/antibody confirmation), and RIA (radioimmunoassay for sensitive antigen/antibody detection)
58
IgM anti-HBcAg
Indicates a new Hepatitis B infection
59
IgG anti-HBcAg
Indicates an old Hepatitis B infection
60
Both IgG and IgM anti-HBcAg
Indicates a mid-stage Hepatitis B infection
61
Anti-HBeAg in serologic testing
Indicates low infectivity of Hepatitis B virus
62
Hepatitis C family and genus
Family: Flaviviridae; Genus: Hepacivirus
63
Hepatitis C description
Blood-borne hepatitis; also known as post-transfusion hepatitis
64
Incubation period for Hepatitis C
14 to 180 days (average 45 days)
65
Cause of Hepatitis C
Hepatitis C virus (HCV)
66
Confirmatory test for Hepatitis C
RIBA (Recombinant Immunoblot Assay)
67
Mode of transmission (MOT) for Hepatitis C
Parenteral (via blood contact)
68
Surrogate testing for NANBV/HCV in donated blood
Includes ALT level detection and Anti-HBc detection (via RIA or ELISA using Enzyme Inhibition Technique)
69
Serologic test for Anti-HCV
ELISA and RIA
70
Antibody detection for Hepatitis C
If Anti-HCV is negative, no infection; if present, perform RNA testing
71
Interpretation of Hepatitis C antibody and RNA test results
If RNA is present, further testing is needed; If antibody is present but RNA is absent, no current infection; If both antibody and RNA are present, active infection
72
Hepatitis D (Delta Hepatitis) agent
Hepatitis D virus (HDV), also known as Delta Virus
73
Mode of transmission (MOT) for Hepatitis D
Parenteral and sexual transmission
74
Characteristics of Hepatitis D virus (HDV)
RNA virus that requires HBV for replication; uses HBV’s envelope (HBsAg) to replicate
75
Co-infection with HBV
Simultaneous infection with HBV and HDV
76
Superinfection with HBV
HDV infects cells already infected with HBV, leading to faster replication and severe hepatocyte damage
77
Serologic markers for HDV
HDV Ag (early stage, not useful due to rapid disappearance), IgM anti-HDV, total anti-HDV (IgM and IgG) for acute phase
78
Chronic infection indicator for HDV
Presence of anti-HDV IgG indicates chronic infection
79
Laboratory diagnosis of Hepatitis D
Indirect ELISA for Anti-HDV and Anti-HBc IgM
80
Serologic markers for acute HDV infection
HDV Ag (early stage), IgM anti-HDV, total anti-HDV
81
Co-infection marker for HDV
IgM anti-HDV + HBsAg + IgM anti-HBc
82
Superinfection marker for HDV
Absence of IgM anti-HBc
83
Chronic infection marker for HDV
Anti-HDV IgG

IMMUNOSEROLOGY (22 decks)

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