Hepatitis

Question 1

How is Hep A transmitted

Answer 1

Faecal-oral

Question 2

How is Hep D transmitted

Answer 2

Parenteral, sexual

Question 3

How is Hep E transmitted

Answer 3

Faecal-oral route

Question 4

Which Hepatitis’ have a vaccine

Answer 4

Hep A,B,E

Question 5

Which virus has a relationship with Hep B

Answer 5

Hepatitis D requires Hep B for replication

Question 6

When and who discovered Hep B

Answer 6

1960s by Baruch S. Blumberg

Question 7

What family was HBV a first member of

Answer 7

Hepadnaviridae

Question 8

What largest particle is found in the blood of an infected Hep B patient

Answer 8

Dane particle

Question 9

What is found in addition to dane particles

Answer 9

Sperical particles and filamentous forms

Question 10

What is HBs Ag

Answer 10

Hepatitis B surface antigen

Question 11

What is HBc Ag

Answer 11

Hepatitis B core antigen

Question 12

How long can HBV surface in dry blood

Answer 12

1 week or more

Question 13

What are the modes of transmission of Hep B

Answer 13

Parenteral
Sexual
Perinatal

Question 14

What is the incubation period of Hep B

Answer 14

2-3 months

Question 15

If symptomatic what symptoms may a person with Hep B display

Answer 15

Flu like illness possibly with a yellow tone of the skin or sclera of the eyes

Question 16

What is the first viral marker of Hep B to appear

Answer 16

HBsAg

Question 17

What is the difference between normal recovery and chronic carriage of Hep B

Answer 17

Normal:
Clearance of antigens and creation of Anti-HBs within 6 months

Chronic:
HBsAg persists and no development of Anti-HBs

Question 18

How is chronic Hep B defined

Answer 18

Persistence of HBsAg and failure to develop HBsAb more than 6 months after infection

Question 19

What will be detected in the Hep B test of an acute infected patient

Answer 19

IgM anti-core (+ve) HBsAg (+ve)

Question 20

What will be detected in the Hep B test of a Chronic infected patient

Answer 20

HBsAg (+ve) IgG anti-core (+ve/-ve) –ve for HBsAb/anti-HBs

Question 21

What will be detected in the Hep B test of a previously infected patient

Answer 21

IgG anti-core (+ve) HBsAb/anti-HBs (+ve) –ve for other markers

Question 22

What will be detected in the Hep B test of a vaccinated patient

Answer 22

HBsAb/anti-HBs (+ve) –ve for other markers

Question 23

What are the possible outomes of Chronic hepatitis

Answer 23

Etrahepatic disease
Cirrhosis
Hepatocellular carcinoma

Question 24

What are the types of chronic hepatitis

Answer 24

Persistent or active

Question 25

How does the Hep B vaccination work

Answer 25

Vaccine: hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) adsorbed on aluminium hydroxide adjuvant​ Produced by recombinant DNA technology​ Vaccine administration: intramuscular​ Three doses: Time zero, one month and six months​ Post immunisation: test for antibody response 2-4 months after vaccination course complete

Question 26

When is post exposure prophylaxis HBV required

Answer 26

When a patient is exposed to HBV without a previous succesful response to vaccine or unvaccinated

Question 27

What is HBIG

Answer 27

HepatitisB immune globulin (post exposure prophylaxis HBV)

Question 28

What are the steps to post exposure with unvaccinated and nonresponder vaccine people

Answer 28

Unvaccinated - HBIG x 1 and initiate hepatitis B vaccine series​ Vaccinated but non responder - HBIG x 1 and vaccine booster​ Administered as soon as possible and definitely within a week of exposure​

Question 29

What was Hep C previous known as

Answer 29

Non-A non-B hepatitis

Question 30

How long can HCV survive on inanimate surfaces

Answer 30

Up to a week

Question 31

What is the most prominent group of patients presenting with HepC

Answer 31

People who inject drugs and men who have sex with men

Question 32

What is the incubation period of Hep C

Answer 32

Up to 26 weeks (mean incubation period is 6-12 weeks)

Question 33

What percentage of HCV patients become jaundiced

Answer 33

0.1

Question 34

What does the HCV-RNA test show

Answer 34

identifies presence of virus in blood – indicates active infection​

Question 35

What does viral genotyping test for

Answer 35

The type of HCV present

Question 36

What do viral tests show

Answer 36

measures the number of viral particles in peripheral blood​

Question 37

What is the prevelance of HCV in scotland and england

Answer 37

1% scotland 0.5% england

Question 38

What is the emerging treatment for HCV

Answer 38

Second generation protease inhibitors such as sofosbuvir and ledipasvir

Question 39

What is the survival rates of HIV outside of the body

Answer 39

Quite easily killed by heat​ HIV does not survive long outside the human body (such as on surfaces), and it cannot reproduce outside a human host

Question 40

How is HIV transmitted

Answer 40

transfusion of blood and blood products​ needle sharing by IDUs​ Needle stick accidents and open wound or mucous membrane exposure in HCWs​ male homosexuals​ heterosexual contact​ Intrauterine​ Childbirth​ breast milk

Question 41

What cells does HIV destroy

Answer 41

CD4 T cells

Question 42

How are false positives avoided

Answer 42

Positive results are always confirmed by examining a further blood sample for the same patient using a range of different test formats such as radioimmunoassay or immunofluorescence, this ensures no false positives are reported

Question 43

Is there a vaccine for HIV and Hep C

Answer 43

No

Question 44

Which of the BBVs is a DNA virus

Answer 44

HBV

Question 45

What are your chances of clearing hepatitis B if you are a healthy adult

Answer 45

90-95%

Question 46

What are your chances of progressing to chronic infection if infected with Hepatitis C

Answer 46

0.75

Question 47

Which BBV has a vaccine

Answer 47

HBV

Question 48

Which BBV has no PEP

Answer 48

HCV

Question 49

Which of the three BBV infections is most infective

Answer 49

HBV