Hepatitis A- Entero virus 72

Question 1

What is viral hepatitis?

Answer 1

• Viral hepatitis is the inflammation of the liver caused by infection with various viral agents.

Question 2

What is the primary characteristic of Hepatitis A infection?

Answer 2

• An acute type of infection.

Question 3

Does Hepatitis A result in chronic infection, and why is it often considered “less fatal”?

Answer 3

• Hepatitis A does not result in chronic infection.
• And it is considered “less fatal” because it is a self-limited disease.

Question 4

To which family of viruses does Hepatitis A belong, and what is its other name?

Answer 4

• Belongs to the family of Picornaviruses (Picornaviridae) and is also known as “Entero Virus 72.”

Question 5

What is the mode of transmission for Hepatitis A (HAV)?

Answer 5

• MOT: Fecal oral route –viral antigen release in the small intestine.

Question 6

Does Hepatitis A have a vaccine available?

Answer 6

• Yes, there is a vaccination for Hepatitis A.

Question 7

What is the structural composition of the Hepatitis A virus?

Answer 7

• It is composed of viral capsids which are non-enveloped and have an icosahedral shape.

Question 8

What type of genetic material does the Hepatitis A virus possess?

Answer 8

• It has a single-stranded RNA.

Question 9

What is the most common cause of hepatitis with easy transmission?

Answer 9

• Hepatitis A, also known as Infectious Hepatitis, is the most common cause and is easily transmitted.

Question 10

What is the incubation period for Hepatitis A?

Answer 10

• The incubation period for Hepatitis A ranges from 15 to 50 days, with an average of 28 days.

Question 11

Does Hepatitis A produce a coat protein?

Answer 11

• No, unlike Hepatitis B (HBV), Hepatitis A does not produce a coat protein.

Question 12

What distinguishes the onset of Hepatitis A from Hepatitis B (HBV)?

Answer 12

• Has an abrupt onset, and it is known for its short incubation period.

Question 13

Is Hepatitis A detectable using a serum?

Answer 13

• It is not detectable in the same way as Hepatitis B.

Question 14

Which virus is the exception among the following options: HEpatitis a, b, c, d?

Answer 14

• Hepatitis B is the exception; it is not an RNA virus.

Question 15

How can the mode of transmission occur for hepatitisA infection?

Answer 15

A: The mode of transmission for this infection can occur through:

a. Close person-to-person contacts with an infected person.
b. Sexual contact with an infected person, especially through direct anal contact, which is more common in homosexual sex.
c. Ingestion of contaminated food or drinks.

Question 16

Who is at risk of Hepatitis A when traveling to certain regions?

Answer 16

• Travelers to regions with intermediate or high rates of Hepatitis A

Question 17

Who is at risk of Hepatitis A through sexual contact?

Answer 17

• Sex contacts of infected persons, particularly those engaging in anal sex, are at risk.

Question 18

Which group of individuals is more susceptible to Hepatitis A?

Answer 18

• Men who have sex with men

Question 19

Who else may be at risk due to close contact with infected individuals?

Answer 19

• Household members and caregivers of infected persons

Question 20

What is a risk factor for Hepatitis A among some drug users?

Answer 20

• Users of both infected and non-infected illegal drugs

Question 21

Are there specific medical conditions that increase the risk of Hepatitis A?

Answer 21

• Persons with clotting factor disorders

Question 22

Is it possible for Hepatitis A to be transmitted in the blood?

Answer 22

• Yes, This is rare and typically occurs when a patient has a severe Hepatitis A infection that reaches the blood (viremia).

Question 23

How else can Hepatitis A be transmitted through blood?

Answer 23

• Through activities such as sharing needles.

Question 24

During the first 15 days of a Hepatitis A infection, where are the viral antigens or protein coat primarily found?

Answer 24

• The viral antigens or protein coat are shed off in the intestines

Question 25

What is the recommended method for detecting antigens in the stool of suspected Hepatitis A patients during the early stage of infection?

Answer 25

* By collecting a stool sample.

Question 26

At what point during a Hepatitis A infection do antibodies start to be produced, and where are these antibodies found?

Answer 26

* During the **2nd week of infection**. * These antibodies are produced in the circulation and are present in the serum or plasma: **IgM is the first to be manufactured or to be produced Followed by IgG**

Question 27

What is a marker of infection for Hepatitis A?

Answer 27

* **Early shedding of the virus in stool**, which can be detected by the presence of Hepatitis A antigen.

Question 28

What is the significance of the appearance of IgM Anti-HAV with the onset of symptoms?

Answer 28

* The appearance of IgM Anti-HAV with the onset of symptoms indicates an infection with Hepatitis A virus (HAV).

Question 29

Why does the plasma or serum become noticeably icteric during hepatic disorders?

Answer 29

* **The icteric (yellow) discoloration** of plasma or serum is due to an increase in bilirubin, which is a common characteristic of **hepatic disorders.**

Question 30

What are the liver-specific markers that significantly elevate during an infection?

Answer 30

* The liver-specific markers that significantly elevate during an infection are **ALT (SGPT).**

Question 31

Which markers besides ALT and SGPT may increase during an infection?

Answer 31

* **SGOT** and **nucleotides may also increase** during an infection.

Question 32

What could a noticeably icteric plasma or serum sample indicate in terms of infection markers?

Answer 32

* Potential infection with hepatitis.

Question 33

What does the development of **Anti-HAV IgG** indicate in the context of infection?

Answer 33

* **Immunity following recovery** from Hepatitis A virus infection.

Question 34

What is the primary purpose of the ELISA indirect method for detecting antibodies?

Answer 34

* **Indirect method** is **to detect the presence of antibodies** in a sample.

Question 35

When is the Direct ELISA method typically used?

Answer 35

* Typically used when the **detection of a specific antigen is needed.**

Question 36

What does it indicate when **IgM anti-HAV** is positive in serology?

Answer 36

* A positive IgM anti-HAV indicates an **acute Hepatitis A infection**.

Question 37

What is the serological profile for an individual with an **acute Hepatitis A** infection?

Answer 37

* **IgM anti-HAV: + (Positive)** * **IgG anti-HAV: - (Negative)**

Question 38

What is the serological profile for an individual immune Or old infection to Hepatitis A?

Answer 38

* **IgM anti-HAV: - (Negative)** * **IgG anti-HAV: + (Positive)**

Question 39

What is the serological profile during the incubation period or in the absence of a Hepatitis A infection?

Answer 39

* **IgM anti-HAV: - (Negative)** * **IgG anti-HAV: - (Negative)**