Hepatotoxicology

Question 1

five main functions of the liver

Answer 1

nutrient homeostasis 
filtration of particulates
protein synthesis
bioactivation and detoxification
formation of bile and biliary secretion

Question 2

three main organs blood that travels to the liver

Answer 2

stomach
spleen
intestines

Question 3

collect bile and drain into the bile duct

Answer 3

canaliculi

Question 4

structural liver unit

Answer 4

hepatic lobule

Question 5

functional liver unit

Answer 5

hepatic acinus

Question 6

filter out small particles which are digested or encapsulated

Answer 6

kupffer cells

Question 7

accumulate fat materials and other lipids

Answer 7

ito cells

Question 8

how does bile get through the canaliculi

Answer 8

the liver cells are able to contract using actin fibers

Question 9

what is the blood supply into the liver

Answer 9

60-70% portal vein

30-40% hepatic artery

Question 10

why is cholic acid such a good bile salt

Answer 10

has a hydrophobic side and a hydrophilic side to form micelles around lipids

Question 11

when there is secretion into the intestine and then reabsorption back into the portal vein

Answer 11

enterohepatic cycling

Question 12

heme to biliverdin metabolism

Answer 12

heme oxygenate using NADPH

Question 13

biliverdin to bilirubin metabolism

Answer 13

biliverdin reductase using NADPH

Question 14

what color is biliverdin

Answer 14

green

Question 15

what color is biliruin

Answer 15

yellow

Question 16

bilirubin to bile metabolism

Answer 16

UDP-glucuronyl transferase

Question 17

deposits of fat cause liver enlargement

Answer 17

fatty liver

Question 18

scar tissue forms more liver cell injury occurs

Answer 18

live fibrosis

Question 19

scar tissue makes liver hard and unable to work properly

Answer 19

cirrhosis

Question 20

symptoms of liver damage (6)

Answer 20

cell death
canalicular cholestasis 
bile duct damage
sinusoidal damage
fibrosis and cirrhosis
tumors

Question 21

three characteristics of apoptosis

Answer 21

necrosis/apoptosis
release of ALT/AST
focal or zonal cell death,

Question 22

characteristics of canalicular cholestasis

Answer 22

reduced bile flow

release of bile comp in blood (jaundice)

Question 23

bile duct damage…

Answer 23

cholestasis
epithelial inflammation
methylene dianiline (epping jaundice)

Question 24

sinusoidal damage…

Answer 24

causes veno-occlusive disease

Question 25

fibrosis and cirrhosis...

Answer 25

accumulation of collagen, scar tissue, function impairment, irreversible damage

Question 26

two characteristic of tumors

Answer 26

cell type dependent | aflatoxin

Question 27

susceptibility of liver depends on three things

Answer 27

high blood flow high biotransformation activity storage of essential compounds

Question 28

three places for first step ethanol metabolism

Answer 28

microsomes cytosol peroxisomes

Question 29

microsomes use what enzyme for ethanol metabolism

Answer 29

CYP2E1

Question 30

cytosol/mitochondria use what enzyme for ethanol metabolism

Answer 30

ADH

Question 31

peroxisomes what enzyme for ethanol metabolism

Answer 31

catalase

Question 32

ethanol is metabolized to ____in the first step

Answer 32

acetaldehyde

Question 33

where does the second step of ethanol metabolism take place

Answer 33

mitochondria

Question 34

what enzyme is used in the mitochondria for ethanol metabolism

Answer 34

ALDH

Question 35

acetaldehyde is metabolized to ____in the mitochondria

Answer 35

acetic acid

Question 36

inflammatory response to liver damage with an influx/activation of immune cells

Answer 36

hepatitis

Question 37

two ways to get hepatitis

Answer 37

viral infections | toxicant induced

Question 38

neoantigen formation

Answer 38

drug comes into cell bioactivation and adduct formation drug protein adducts act as immunogens forms antibodies which bind to protein adducts in the plasma membranes

Question 39

attach actin filaments, collapse of scaffolding, no bile transport in canaliculi

Answer 39

phalloidin and microcystin

Question 40

inhibits bile salt explorer

Answer 40

cyclosporine A

Question 41

p-glycoprotein inhibitors

Answer 41

estrogen glucuronides

Question 42

six causes for cholestasis

Answer 42

``` impaired uptake diminished contractility of canaliculus diminished transcytosis leaky paracellular junctions impaired secretion concentration of reactive species ```