Herbs and the Respiratory system Flashcards
(239 cards)
1
Q
How many breaths do we normally take a minute?
A
10 - 15 times a minute
2
Q
Which parts of the respiratory tract is included in the upper tract?
A
The upper respiratory tract includes the nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx, vocal cords, and larynx.
3
Q
Which parts of the lungs make up the lower respiratory tract?
A
The lower respiratory tract is composed of the trachea, or “windpipe,” the bronchi and bronchioles, the alveoli (the exchange surface of the lungs where gases are transferred from the blood to the air and vice versa), the lungs themselves, and the bones and muscles that assist in ventilation.
4
Q
What coordinates the performance of the daphragm and the intercostal muscles during the act of breathing?
A
Specific nerve sites known as respiratory centers coordinate the performance of the diaphragm and the muscles that move the ribs. The respiratory centers act in response to changes in oxygen, carbon dioxide, and acid levels in the blood.
5
Q
How many sets of ribs do we have?
A
12
6
Q
What are the pleural sacs?
A
Two structures, called pleural sacs, hold each lung within the thorax. The pleural sacs are composed of pleural fluid (a lubricating film) sandwiched between two membranes.
The pleural fluid allows for movement of the thorax and the lungs, while at the same time bonding the pleural sac to the thoracic wall. This can be compared to two glass microscope slides held together by a drop of water, but easily sliding against each other without friction. In this way, as the lungs inflate and deflate, they stay in place without friction.
7
Q
Which part of the airway is shared by food, liquid, and air.
A
pharynx,
8
Q
What is the movement of air between the environment and aveoli called?
A
ventilation
9
Q
What is the function of the upper respiratory track?
A
To condition air for entry into the lungs
warming and moistening of air:
The lungs are very delicate and sensitive to temperature. Air is warmed to body temperature as it passes through the upper respiratory tract. The lungs must also remain moist to function properly. Water vapor is added to air by the upper respiratory tract so that it has 100% humidity by the time it reaches the lungs.
Cleansing:
Foreign material and pathogens, including inorganic particles, viruses, and bacteria, are also filtered out before air reaches the lungs. The first line of defense is mucociliary clearance. When particles and bits of debris enter the respiratory system, they are carried upward by the wave-like movement of mucus-covered cilia—tiny, finger-like extensions of specific cells lining the respiratory tract (from the nasal passageways to the bronchioles).
Waste removal:
Particles are carried upward by the organized movement of the cilia, until they reach the pharynx, where they are swallowed, usually without us even noticing. The mucus covering the cilia contains immunoglobulins that provide further defense against pathogens.
10
Q
Explain the pathway for inspiration
A
Nose - Nasal Conchae - pharynx -larynx - Trachea -Bronchi - Bronchioles - Alveoli - capilliries
11
Q
What are the two types of Alveolar cells and what are their functions?
A
There are two types of alveolar cells. Type I alveolar cells are very thin and are in direct contact with capillaries, allowing gases to readily move between the alveoli and the capillaries that wrap around the alveoli. In fact, capillaries cover 80-90% of the surface area of the alveoli (Silverthorn, 2004). In this way, the lungs are deeply connected to our cardiovascular system. This allows for rapid exchange of gases.
Type II alveolar cells produce a chemical called surfactant that reduces surface tension in lung tissues and allows us to breathe comfortably. The alveoli contain no muscle cells, but are composed of elastin fibers, which allow them to recoil easily as the lungs expand and contract.
12
Q
What are Alveoli?
A
Small membraneous sacs at the end of the bronchioles that allow for gass exchange between the lungs and the blood.
13
Q
Explain pulmunary circulation
A
The lungs sit next to and around the heart, continuously receiving deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle of the heart. The pulmonary trunk, a vessel that originates from the right ventricle, divides into two pulmonary arteries, delivering blood to each lung. Once gas exchange occurs in the juncture between capillaries and alveoli, oxygenated blood then returns to the left atrium of the heart via pulmonary veins.
14
Q
What is a concentration gradient?
A
A concentration gradient occurs when there are unequal amounts of a substance in two locations. Substances tend to move from areas of high concentration to low concentration
15
Q
What is the role of concentration gradient in helping us breath?
A
The same thing happens in our bodies and in the case of the respiratory system, a concentration gradient is created by the movement of the thorax. When the chest expands, there is more volume and the same amount of air, creating low pressure, and air flows into our nose and down into our lungs (inhalation). When the chest cavity contracts, there is less volume for the same amount of air, creating higher pressure, and air flows out (exhalation).
Another concentration gradient allows oxygen and carbon dioxide to flow between alveoli and capillaries. When low-oxygen blood in the capillaries from the right ventricle comes into contact with high-oxygen alveoli, oxygen moves into the blood. At the same time, carbon dioxide moves into the alveoli from the blood.
16
Q
How do the alveoli adjust to blood flow and ventilation
A
The body’s oxygen requirement depends on activity level. When gas exchange occurs at the alveolar-capillary interface, there must be adequate blood flow to pick up all of the available oxygen. The body can adapt to changes in rate of ventilation and blood flow by engaging varying numbers of alveoli and capillary beds.
Capillaries in the lungs are unique in their ability to collapse when not in use. When a person is at rest, the capillaries at the top of the lungs are not in use, and the capillaries at the base of the lung take over. During exercise, blood pressure rises and upper capillary beds open, allowing for more blood to be oxygenated.
At the same time, alveoli expand and contract to match blood flow and ventilation. When more oxygen is needed, alveoli expand for increased oxygenation of blood across their membrane. In this way, the body matches air flow to blood flow to ensure that the blood is fully oxygenated at all times.
17
Q
Which protein is responsible for carrying oxygen in the blood?
A
hemoglobin
18
Q
How many molecules of oxygen can one red blood cell transport?
A
4
19
Q
What percentage of oxygen is diffused into the blood plasma?
A
2%
20
Q
Which parts of the nervous system controls breathing?
A
Breathing is regulated by both the autonomic (involuntary) and the somatic (voluntary) nervous systems. We are able to consciously control our own breathing because the muscles used to expand the lungs are skeletal (the diaphragm and others). Skeletal muscles are controlled by groups of neurons in the brainstem in a regular, rhythmic way unconsciously. These same skeletal muscles can also be controlled with conscious thought. This is why we can take a “deep breath” or hold our breath while underwater. At the same time, alveoli and capillaries are under autonomic control. We cannot control the expansion or collapse of capillaries and alveoli in the lungs. Thus, there is no single center or mechanism responsible for breathing and respiration. Instead, it is a complex network drawing on many different areas of the nervous system
21
Q
What is the vagus nerve?
A
The vagus nerve is the primary nerve responsible for regulating the parasympathetic nervous system. The vagus nerve is actually an extensive network that spans from the medulla in the brain down through the neck and connects with the lungs, heart, liver, stomach, spleen, pancreas, kidney, proximal two-thirds of the colon, and the entire small intestine. It connects nerve fibers with most of the internal organs.
22
Q
How can we shift from a sympathetic state to a parasympathetic state?
A
Conscious deep breathing allows us to shift our body from a stress response (sympathetic) to a relaxed state (parasympathetic). Because the lungs are connected to the heart and digestive organs by the vagus nerve, breathing deeply may also relax our other internal organs and have a positive effect on digestion, heart rate, and blood pressure
23
Q
What is heart rate variabillity?
A
A measure how well and harmoniously all the body’s processes are working together.
Heart rate variability is a measure of the adaptability of the heart and blood vessels. While we think of our heartbeat as relatively steady and regular, it actually changes tempo from moment to moment, adapting to slight changes in breathing and other aspects of our physiology. A more variable heart rate is healthy—it means that our heart is responsive and sensitive to change (Derrickson, 2017).
24
Q
How many fluctuations in regular HRV?
A
6 a minute (1 every 10s)
25
What pathologies correlated with poor HRV?
increased risk for cardiovascular events (stroke, heart attack)
increased risk of Depression
disruptions in sleep
26
Which herbs restores good HRV?
Aromatic plants:
- Motherwort
- LInden
- Lemon balm
- Lavender
- Lemon grass
Polyphenol rich plants: (bioflavinoids)
- grape (wine)
- berries (blue, hawthorn, goji)
- Arjuna
Adaptogens:
Nightshades: (low dose, toxic plants)
27
How do tropane alkaloids, found in night shade plants, affect heart rate?
They block the vagus nerve interfering with the parasympathetic response.
This leads to the heart rate speeding up to the point where heart muscle can no longer keep up, resulting in a heart attack.
Paradoxically, in small doses, 1 -2 drops of dilute tincture, administered sub-lingually increased HRV and has a calmin effect.
28
How much excercise is recommended in order to keep the lungs and heart healthy?
The National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health recommends 30 minutes of moderate exercise 5 days a week to keep the lungs and the rest of the body healthy
29
Which herb/s have an affinity for alveoli ?
Pleurisy root
30
Which herb/s have an affinity for bronchial tubes?
Lobelia
31
Which herb/s have an affinity for the central mucosa of the lungs?
Marshmallow
Mullein
Elecampane
32
Which herb/s have an affinity for the cilia of the lungs ?
comfrey
| mullein
33
Which herb/s have an affinity for the diaphragm and lung movement?
Lobelia
34
Which herb/s have an affinity for hemoglobin production?
Nettle
35
Which herb/s have an affinity for peripheral mucosa?
Marshmallow
| Liqorice
36
Which herb/s have an affinity for the pleural membrane?
Pleurisy root
37
Which herb/s have an affinity for surface muscles of the chest?
wild lettuce
38
Which herb/s have an affinity for surfactant secretion?
Astragalus root
39
Which herb/s have an affinity for Trachea?
Calamus
40
What is the botanical name for astragalus?
Astragalus – Astragalus membranaceus (Fabaceae)
41
Which part of astragalus is used?
Root
42
What are the primary actions of Astragalus?
Adaptogen, antioxidant, antiviral, cardiotonic, hepatic, hypotensive, immunomodulator, kidney tonic
43
What are the herbal energetics of Astragalus?
Slightly warming and moistening
44
What are the clinical patterns and uses for Astragalus?
The polysaccharides in astragalus contribute to its immunomodulant action and one of its strengths is the ability to balance both under- and overactive immune function. Not only does astragalus help build immunity where it may be compromised, but this herb can help temper a hyperactive immune response (e.g., allergies and asthma). One study on astragalus (as the active component in an herb and mineral complex supplement) used in allergic rhinitis showed significant therapeutic efficacy to reduce symptoms and improve quality of life, compared to three other control groups, in which there was no change in symptoms (Matkovic et al., 2010).
Herbalist Guido Masé suggests taking astragalus regularly in the fall and winter to strengthen immunity and keep colds, flu, and bronchitis at bay (Masé, 2013). Astragalus possesses antiviral activity, and is active against influenza A, herpes simplex, Coxsackie, hepatitis B, chronic fatigue syndrome, chronic hepatitis, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and several other viruses (Buhner, 2013; Winston & Maimes, 2007).
Astragalus root is also commonly employed where there is shortness of breath or weak lung function. In Chinese medicine, astragalus is a Lung qi tonic used in dry cough, frequent upper respiratory tract infections, and asthma (Winston, 2004). Astragalus is also said to strengthen wei qi, which is responsible for guarding the body, including the lungs, against infection. In elderly patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), serum levels of inflammatory cytokines were lower, and pulmonary function was strengthened in individuals given astragalus root (Jiang et al., 2015).
45
What are the safety considerations for Astragalus?
Contraindications:
Astragalus should be avoided in states of acute infection as it may cause stagnation or “feed” the illness (Winston & Maimes, 2007).
Herb drug interactions:
Astragalus may increase the effects of corticosteroids and cyclophosphamide in individuals with autoimmune disease (Gardner & McGuffin, 2013).
46
What is the botanical name for prince seng?
Prince seng – Pseudostellaria heterophylla (Caryophyllaceae)
47
Which part of prince seng is used?
Root
48
What are the primary actions of prince seng?
Adaptogen, demulcent, immune tonic, lung tonic
49
What are the herbal energetics of prince seng?
Warming and moistening
50
What are the clinical patterns and uses of prince seng?
Tonic for the lungs:
Similar to Asian ginseng, prince seng serves as a moistening and protective tonic, and though it is thought to be less powerful in action, it is not an at-risk plant and may be more sustainably produced.
Sensitive individuals:
Prince seng may also be a more suitable herb for sensitive or depleted individuals who are overstimulated by stronger adaptogens (Winston & Maimes, 2007).
To repair damaged lung tissue from smoking or illness:
Prince seng is a good choice for individuals with weak or damaged lung tissue, such as smokers or those recovering from a prolonged lung infection like pertussis, pneumonia, or bronchitis (Winston & Maimes, 2007). It also moistens the respiratory mucosa, so can be helpful for habitual smokers and those who tend toward dry respiratory conditions. Prince seng can be a boon for those exposed to dry, hot air on a regular basis, such as individuals who heat their homes with wood stoves.
COPD:
Research has demonstrated prince seng’s antitussive and expectorant actions (likely due to the polysaccharide and saponin content of the root). It also has been shown to reduce cytokine expression and improve lung function in COPD (Pang et al., 2011).
51
What are the safety considerations for prince seng?
Contraidications: Avoid use in individuals with excessive phlegm, diarrhea, indigestion, flatulence, and bloating (Winston & Maimes, 2007).
Drug Herb Interactions: None known
52
What is the botanical name for Mullein?
Mullein – Verbascum thapsus (Scrophulariaceae)
53
Which part of Mullein is used?
Leaf
54
What are the specific actions of Mullein?
Anti-inflammatory, demulcent, expectorant, lung tonic
55
What are the herbal energetics of Mullein?
Cooling and moistening
56
What are the clinical patterns and uses of Mullein?
Tonify the lungs
Rich in mucilage and saponins and specifically indicated for the respiratory system, a general tonifying herb for the respiratory system (Hoffmann, 2003; Rose, 2009).
Bronchitis:
mullein is useful for bronchitis and as a gAccording to the Doctrine of Signatures, the hairs covering the surface of mullein leaves mimic the cilia of the respiratory tract (Graves, 2012).
Dry Cough:
Mullein’s expectorant action encourages productive coughing, which aids the body in removing congestion and is thus especially beneficial for dry or non-productive coughing and wheezing (mcdonald, n.d.b).
Weak or dry lymphatic system:
Matthew Wood suggests mullein for dry and irritable coughing that “shakes the frame” but also for dryness and atrophy in the “lymphatic system with poor absorption through the small intestines and weakness in the lymphatics” (Wood, 2004, p. 189).
To clear congestion from the lungs:
In Ayurveda, mullein is considered a sweet, cooling, and pungent herb and it is used to remove kapha dosha that has accumulated in the lungs and lymph (Frawley & Lad, 1993).
There are reports of Native Americans using mullein for catarrh, coughs, colds, lung trouble, and asthma. Some tribes administered it via smoking for these purposes (Moerman, 1998) and this method is sometimes still employed by experienced herbalists to "clear the lungs."
57
What are the safety considerations of Mullein?
The numerous hairs covering mullein leaf that make it so invitingly soft can cause irritation, itching, and dermatitis. One should carefully strain mullein infusion and tinctures with a cloth or paper filter to remove any hairs from the liquid before drinking, and resist the temptation to rub the leaves.
Contradindications: None
Drug Herb Interactions: None Known
58
What is the botanical name for reishi?
Reishi – Ganoderma lucidum (Ganodermataceae) –
59
Which part of reishi is used?
Mushroom
60
What are the specific actions of Reishi?
Adaptogen, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, cardioprotective, hepatic, hypotensive, hypolipidemic, immunomodulant, kidney tonic, nervine
61
What are the herbal energetics of Reishi?
Drying and neutral to warming
62
What are the clinical patterns and uses for Reishi?
Longevity:
Reishi is a beautiful fungus with a long and venerable history of use in Chinese medicine and other Asian medical traditions. Regional names for reishi provide a hint to its universal use as a life extending herb: reishi means “divine” in the language of Japan, where it is also called mannentake or “10,000-year mushroom”; the Chinese call it ling zhi or “tree of life mushroom”; and in Vietnam, it is called linh chi, “supernatural mushroom.”
To calm the lungs:
Reishi modulates the immune response and is also used to tonify the lungs. It is also said in Chinese medicine to nourish the Heart and calm the shen (Upton, 2006). Given the relationship between the lungs and the heart, this calming action makes sense. It is also apparent in reishi’s relaxing effect on the lungs, where it breaks up phlegm and calms coughing and wheezing (Upton, 2006).
Liver support:
Reishi is anti-inflammatory and bitter, helping the liver in its detoxification processes.
Modulate/Calm the immune system (asthma, autoimmune disease, allergies):
These actions also contributes to reishi’s usefulness for allergies and hyperactive immunity in general. Like astragalus, reishi modulates immune function due in part to its saponin and polysaccharide content (Boh, 2013).
63
What are the safety considerations for Reishi?
Contraindicaitons: should be avoided by individuals with mushroom allergies (Gardner & McGuffin, 2013).
Drug Herb Interactions: Reishi should be used with caution in individuals taking immunosuppressant, anticoagulant, or antiplatelet medications
64
Ayurveda: How does air enter into the body?
air is brought into the body through the pranavaha srota, which carries prana vayu, a subdosha of vata dosha.
65
Ayurveda: What is pranavaha srota?
Pranavaha srota is linked to the respiratory system and possesses great significance on both a physical and subtle level. When we inhale, we are not simply breathing in air molecules; we are also taking in prana, or life force. In fact, according to Ayurveda, the pranavaha srota is responsible for respiration and inhalation as well as sensory perception, memory, intelligence, and the flow of thought (Dass, 2013).
66
Ayurveda: What is prana?
Prana is carried on the breath, and prana is one of the three great cosmic forces (light, or jyoti, and love, or prema, are the other two). Prana is the energy that gives velocity, direction, animation, and motivation. It is also understood as the primal breath. The movement of energy follows the movement of breath, in that it is constantly moving and changing, just like the ebb and flow of respiration (Frawley, 2000). Thus, to harness one’s breath is to harness one’s energy. Any compromise in the ability to fully and deeply breathe may result in a compromise in energy, vibrancy, and inspiration.
67
Ayurveda: What governs the act of inhalation, coughing adn sneezing?
The initial act of inhalation is governed by prana vayu, a subdosha of vata dosha. Coughing and sneezing are also acts of prana vayu.
68
Ayurveda: Which dosha governs the physiology of the lungs and the stomach?
the deeper physiology of the respiratory system is associated with kapha dosha, which rules the stomach and lungs. The watery elements of the respiratory system, which include the mucus of the entire respiratory tract, are a product of kapha dosha.
69
Ayurveda: Which respiratory disorders are associated with kapha imbalance?
Respiratory disorders that involve excess phlegm and congestion are emblematic of imbalanced kapha dosha.
70
Ayurveda: Which respiratory disorders are associated with pitta imbalance?
Inflammation, yellow mucus, and acute infection are generally linked to pitta dosha
71
Ayurveda: Which respiratory disorders are associated with Vatha imbalance?
a dry cough or any type of degenerative, wasting illness would indicate vata excess.
72
Ayurveda: How can a Vatha imbalance or conditions aggrevate Kapha dosha in the lungs?
a dry, scratchy throat may trigger the body to produce mucus as a mode of protection.
73
Ayurveda: What can be a likley cause of kapha congestion in the lungs?
congestion in the respiratory system may be indicative of a weak agni (digestive fire) rather than an acute respiratory issue.
74
Ayurveda: Which herbs can be used to eleviate Vatha disorders of the lungs?
For vata-type respiratory issues that involve wasting, dryness, and shortness of breath, respiratory tonics and demulcent herbs are generally the best option. Herbs such as ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) root, marshmallow (Althaea officinalis) root, and licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) root are good choices.
75
Ayurveda: Which herbs can be used to eleviate Pitta disorders of the lungs?
When burning sensations, yellow mucus, and intense thirst are present, pitta dosha is generally the culprit. In such cases, cool diaphoretics and antimicrobials are indicated, such as peppermint (Mentha x piperita) leaf, burdock (Arctium lappa) root, yarrow (Achillea millefolium) aerial parts, and elder (Sambucus nigra or S. canadensis) flower.
76
Ayurveda: Which herbs can be used to eleviate Kapha disorders of the lungs?
When there is abundant clear or white mucus, accompanied by heavy feelings in the chest, nausea, and/or a decrease in appetite, kapha dosha must be managed. In this case, warm, dry herbs and spices should be taken, such as dry ginger (Zingiber officinale) rhizome, pippali (Piper longum) fruit, and chitrak (Plumbago zeylanica) root (Frawley, 2000).
77
TCM: Which element is associated with the lung?
Metal
78
TCM: What are the yin/yang pair of the metal elemant
yin: lungs
yang: large intestine
79
TCM: Healthy lungs promotes healthy ...?
healthy respiration, immune function, and qi (vital energy).
80
TCM: The lungs control ... ?
The Lung controls respiration and the formation of qi (vital energy)
Regulation of water metabolism in the body
Immune function (Wei qi), and opening and closing of pores.
81
TCM: What are symptoms of weak lungs?
experience fatigue, respiratory illness, and other imbalances.
82
TCM: What is the lungs role in water metabolism?
The Lung also plays a key role in regulating water metabolism in the body and ensures the moisture of all organs and tissues. The descending function of the Lung is said to sprinkle pure fluids downwards to moisten the tissues and organs of the body and to send impure body fluids down to the urinary bladder to be excreted as urine.
83
TCM: How is the health of the lungs reflected in the skin, and the bodies immunes system?
The Lung also regulates the opening and closing of the pores. Thus, the health of the Lung is reflected in the health and moisture of skin and body hair and in the body’s immune response and ability to stave off external invasion of illness.
84
TCM: What foods can damage the lungs during flu or colds?
Hot, spicy pungent, drying foods: Peppers, chilli, garlic etc
85
TCM: What foods strengthens the lungs during flu or colds?
baked pears and apples, cinnamon, and nourishing vegetable soups. These foods will facilitate recovery from coughs and illness that are common in autumn and affect the Lung.
86
TCM: During which season are the lungs most vulnerable?
The dryness associated with autumn, the Metal season, can injure the Lung in those susceptible to dryness or those who have challenges with their Metal Element or Lung system.
87
TCM: Which emotions are associated with the lungs?
The Lung is associated with grief and with courage. We are encouraged to grieve appropriately to avoid injuring the Lung and this often requires courage, both to face grief, to grieve, and to let go and move on with life. Qigong is a practice that nourishes the Lung, supports healthy energy and circulation, and promotes calm.
88
Describe repiratory conditions with Hot/Dry tissue state
Throat/sinuses: Red, Parched, inflamed and tight
breathing/Swallowing: difficult
Eyes: Red
Sweating: little to none
Cough: dry & unproductive
if mucus: yellow, brown, sticky
Pain: throat and lungs
Craving: cold drinks
89
Describe repiratory conditions with Hot/Damp tissue state
tongue: inflamed, yellow or orange coat
throat/tonsils: inflamed and red
cough: wet cough
mucus: Excessive, clear or yellow
Fever: may be present
Sinuses: may be runny
90
Describe repiratory conditions with Cold/Dry tissue state
Mouth/tongue: pale and dry
Swallowing: difficult
Breathing: Wheezing
expectorating: difficult
mucus: clear and white
pain: dull in chest/ throat
craving: hot liquids
fever: cold/chills
91
Describe repiratory conditions with Cold/Damp tissue state
Tongue: Pale, wet, throthy white
Cough: productive, wet
Mucus: white
Pain: Dull in chest
Craving: heat
other: cold/chills
92
What is the common cold?
The common cold is an acute viral infection of the respiratory tract without a fever. There may be inflammation in any or all of the upper respiratory organs.
93
How long does the common cold last?
Colds typically last 3 to 7 days
94
Why should you treat the common cold on the first sign of symptoms?
and are normally self-limiting and not serious, but when left untended can invite more serious problems such as bacterial infections of the respiratory system. Thus, it is important to address a cold at the first sign of symptoms.
95
Is the common cold always energetically cold?
Contrary to what the name implies, a cold may not always be energetically cold in nature and can manifest as any of the energetic profiles.
96
Wat typically causes the common cold?
Colds often occur during a state of weakened immunity. For some, the transition from late summer into fall can be a difficult adjustment, causing immunity to falter and marking the beginning of “cold season” in more ways than one! In addition, we are more likely to get sick in cold weather due to increased time spent indoors, with less fresh air and in closer proximity to other potentially sick people. Apart from stress (whether from the turning of the season or a personal crisis), weakened immunity may also be linked to overwork, poor nutrition, or lack of exercise (Bone & Mills, 2013).
97
What is convalescence?
time taken after illness to recover
98
Why is convalescence nescesary?
“A good convalescence is a marvelous thing. It rounds off an illness and gives it meaning; it makes the sufferer stronger for having had the illness.…[I]t arms and strengthens the immune defences and provides real protection against recurrence, possibly forever. It is probably the only strategy that will allow real recovery from debilitating disease, fatigue syndromes, recurrent infections and states of compromised immunity” (p. 86).
99
How can one help the process of convalescence?
rest
healthy nutrition (pumpkin and kale soup)
lung and immune tonic herbs (Reishi, Astragalus)
100
Why should we rest when we have the common cold?
It's the bodies way of telling us that we need a break from stress and overwork.
101
What herbal strategies can we use to support the common cold?
Herbal goals for supporting the common cold include stimulating the immune response, promoting lymphatic circulation, encouraging expectoration, and eliminating the pathogen directly. Herbs can also help to tone and soothe tissue and restore the strength of the upper respiratory tract.
102
What are diaphoretics and how do they help during a cold?
Diaphoretics move blood (and warmth) to the surface of the body, inducing a sweat. This change in the body’s temperature alone may help to kill pathogens that are contributing to an illness.
103
Which herbs are considered helpful diaphoretics for the common cold?
peppermint (Mentha x piperita) leaf, yarrow (Achillea millefolium) aerial parts, lavender (Lavandula spp.) flower bud, elder (Sambucus nigra or S. canadensis) flower, bee balm (Monarda fistulosa) aerial parts, lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) aerial parts, hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis) aerial parts, and cayenne (Capsicum annuum) fruit.
104
What is the best way to consume diaphoretic herbs during a cold?
Hot infusions are the best way to take diaphoretic herbs because the steam from tea, inhaled through the sinuses, has a direct and immediate effect. Additionally, drinking plenty of tea allows for optimal fluid intake, which is also important in overcoming illness.
105
Why are diaphoretics indicated for the early stages of a cold?
Energetically speaking, early stages of a cold are considered “exterior”—the cold has not lodged deep into the lungs and the body can be nudged more easily into “throwing off” the cold virus. Diaphoretics creates an outward movement and promotes 'sweating' which helps to 'throw of' the invading cold
106
What is the botanical name for Yarrow?
Yarrow – Achillea millefolium (Asteraceae)
107
Which parts of Yarrow is used?
Aerial parts
108
What are the specific actions of Yarrow?
Anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antispasmodic, astringent, choleretic, diaphoretic, styptic, vulnerary
109
What are the herbal energetics of Yarrow?
Cooling and drying
110
What are the clinical patterns and uses of Yarrow?
To break fevers
Herbalist Matthew Wood calls yarrow “the indispensable blood remedy” and "master of the fever,
To move congested blood:
Matthew Wood describes yarrow’s capability to “decongest blood associated with inflammation, thin stagnant, congealed blood, tone the veins, stimulate the capillaries and arteries, and move the blood to or from the surface” (Wood, 2007, para. 1).
Colds and Flu:
Yarrow is a great herbal ally for colds and the flu due to its antimicrobial action and it is ideal anytime there is a fever, as it is a renowned diaphoretic. By dilating the arteries to stimulate circulation and open pores, yarrow stimulates sweating and allows qi and heat to move outward, thus breaking the fever. Yarrow is best taken as a hot tea for its diaphoretic action.
Sinusitus:
In the case of sinusitis and upper respiratory congestion, yarrow’s volatile oils help promote the healthy flow and elimination of mucus, especially from the sinuses, and its anti-inflammatory and astringent nature reduces swelling and helps soothe irritated sinus tissue, allowing mucus to flow more easily.
111
What are the safety considerations for Yarrow?
Contraindications: Yarrow is contraindicated during pregnancy due to its high volatile oil content.
Allergies: Yarrow may cause hypersensitivity in those with an allergy to plants in the Asteraceae (daisy) family.
112
Which herbs are immune stimulating anti-virals that are useful for colds?
elder (Sambucus nigra or S. canadensis) berry,
usnea (Usnea spp.) lichen,
spilanthes (Spilanthes acmella) aerial parts,
echinacea (Echinacea spp.) root
113
Which herbal actions are good for supporting a cold
Diaphoretic
Immune stimulants and anti-virals
Anticatarrhals
Expectorants
114
Which herbs are considered good anticatarrhals?
plantain (Plantago spp.) leaf,
thyme (Thymus officinalis) aerial parts,
horseradish (Armoracia rusticana) root,
elder (Sambucus canadensis or S. nigra) flower
115
What do anticatarrhal herbs do?
thins mucus and promote the flow and removal of mucus (particularly from the sinuses).
116
Which herbs are considered good expectorants?
elecampane (Inula helenium) root,
hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis) aerial parts
horehound (Marrubium vulgare) aerial parts
117
Which class of herbs can be used to suppress a cough?
antitussive herbs
118
Which herbs are considered to be good anitussive and antispasmodic for suppressing a cough?
antitussive: wild cherry (Prunus serotina) bark, valerian (Valeriana officinalis) root
antispasmodics: licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) root and hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis) aerial parts,
119
How do antitussive and antispasmodic herbs surpress a cough?
help by suppressing the cough reflex and easing muscle spasms in the bronchial passages
120
Which demulcent herbs are also expectorants that can help to sooth irritated passages and calm the cough relflex at the same time as removing mucus?
marshmallow (Althaea officinalis) root,
| licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) root,
121
What is the botanical name for horseradish?
Horseradish – Armoracia rusticana (Brassicaceae)
122
Which part of horseradish is used?
Root
123
What are the specific actions of horseradish?
Analgesic, anticatarrhal, antimicrobial, antirheumatic, bitter, circulatory stimulant, diuretic, expectorant
124
What are the herbal energetics of horseradish?
Warming and drying
125
What are the clinical patterns and uses of horseradish?
To decongest sinusus:
The extremely pungent flavor of horseradish is due to sinigrin, a glucosinolate found in many plants of the Brassicaceae (mustard) family (Hoffmann, 2003). This constituent makes it a useful herb to help break up the congestion of sinus conditions.
Chronic infection:
Horseradish is used to reduce chronic infection and inflammation, clear parasites, and even as an antidote to food poisoning (Holmes, 1989).
Reduce inflamation:
One study evaluated the anti-inflammatory potential of horseradish root and confirmed that horseradish creates a cytoprotective cellular effect during states of inflammation through several different actions on macrophages (Marzocco et al., 2015).
To help throw off a cold
Since horseradish helps warm the exterior and interior of the body, it is particularly helpful in clearing cold symptoms that occur at the onset of illness.
Bronchitis:
Horseradish is also used as an expectorant in chronic bronchitis and sinus congestion (Holmes, 1989).
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What are the safety considerations for horseradish?
Contraindications: Hypothyroidism, Gastrointestinal sensitivity, Stomach and intestinal ulcers
Hypothyroidism:
Since glucosinolates depress thyroid function in animals, horseradish is potentially goitrogenic and may be contraindicated in states of hypothyroidism (Hoffmann, 2003).
Gastrointestinal sensitivity:
Horseradish may cause gastrointestinal discomfort in some people
Ulcers:
use with caution in individuals with stomach or intestinal ulcers or kidney disorders (Gardner & McGuffin, 2013)
Herb/Drug interaction: None Known
127
What is the botanical name for Cyenne pepper?
Cayenne – Capsicum annuum (Solanaceae)
128
Which part of Cyenne pepper is used?
Fruit
129
What are the specific actions of cayenne pepper?
Alterative, anticatarrhal, antimicrobial, antirheumatic, carminative, circulatory stimulant, diaphoretic, rubefacient, sialagogue
130
What are the herbal energetics of Cyenne pepper?
Warming, with potential secondary cooling effect, and drying
131
What are the clinical patterns and uses for Cyenne pepper?
Colds:
An infusion of cayenne is commonly used for colds, coughs, and respiratory hoarseness.
To improve circulation and to warm the body:
Cayenne is used to stimulate blood flow while strengthening the heart and nerves. As such, cayenne is commonly used to help warm the body during the early stages of a cold to keep symptoms and pathogens from moving deeper into the body, but is also helpful for individuals, especially elders, with poor peripheral circulation, depressed vitality, and sluggish reaction-time.
infections in the GI tract:
Cayenne is particularly suited for infections in the digestive system, where its alterative and antimicrobial functions shine (Hoffmann, 2003).
To clear sinusus and lungs from mucus:
The anticatarrhal action of cayenne makes it particularly useful in helping the body remove excess mucus in both the upper and lower parts of the respiratory system.
```
Sore throat (laryngitis, Tonsilitis, ulcers in throat):
It is commonly used along with myrrh (Commiphora myrrha) resin as a gargle for laryngitis (Hoffmann, 2003). Capsaicin, an active alkaloid found in cayenne, helps diminish pain signals from nerve endings, offering additional benefit when used as a sore throat gargle (Karla et al., 2011). Traditionally, both the infusion and tincture were used as a stimulating gargle for an ulcerated throat caused by scarlet fever. If used early enough in tonsilitis, it may help to keep the condition from progressing. However, if it does not resolve the issue, cayenne should be avoided until the inflammation has been reduced (Holmes, 1989).
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What are the safety considerations for Cyenne pepper
Contraidications: GI sensitivity, Topical application to
mucus membranes or broken skin
Gi sensitivity:
In sensitive individuals, large doses may cause gastrointestinal irritation, heartburn, or exacerbate gastroesophageal reflux.
Topical application:
Externally, cayenne may irritate mucous membranes and injured or broken skin, even at low concentrations, causing a painful burning sensation (Gardner & McGuffin, 2013).
133
Which alkaloid ofund in cayenne help to diminish pain signals from nerve endings?
Capsaicin, an active alkaloid found in cayenne
134
Which method of application can be used to clear sinusus?
Steaming with anticatarrhal herbs
135
What are some dietry considerations for the common cold
Eating nourishing and warming foods is important for healing from upper respiratory infections. Eating foods that are easy to digest, such as broths and soups, is also especially important—the body needs to marshall its resources to address the illness and can more easily do that when it is not focused on digesting. Antimicrobial, decongesting, and immune-boosting foods such as garlic and ginger can be added to enhance the therapeutic value of food (Pitchford, 2002).
Vitamin C and vitamin A are important nutrients to consume during a cold—both positively influence the immune system. Many fruits and vegetables that are orange and yellow, such as sweet potatoes, carrots, winter squash, and citrus, tend to be high in these vitamins (Haas, 1992). If incorporated into soups they are also easy to digest.
Adding pungent foods and spices can help to decongest the sinuses. Cayenne, garlic, ginger, and wasabi are great options, but be careful not to over-dry the sinus membranes. If a cold is hot and dry or cold and dry, the temporary relief provided by spicy foods may need to be balanced by more energetically moist teas and sinus steams, along with lots of water.
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What is influenza?
Familiar to most as “the flu,” influenza is a respiratory viral illness caused by Influenza viruses A and B that manifests in overall bodily discomfort.
137
Why does immunity to one strain of influenza virus not protect you?
New strains of the flu viruses are continually developing and mutating, so immunity against one strain does not protect one indefinitely from new mutations.
138
How long does it typically take for the flu to run it's course?
2 weeks
139
What are the symptoms of flu?
```
fever,
headache,
muscle aches,
fatigue,
respiratory symptoms such as cough, sore throat, and runny or stuffy nose.
```
Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms are rare, though sometimes present (the term “stomach flu,” is a misnomer—GI symptoms are generally caused by other pathogens) (Hoffmann, 2003).
140
Which populations are the most vulnerable to the flu?
Elders and the very young, as well as people with compromised immune systems, are more frequently and adversely affected by the flu.
141
What are the biggest complications responsible for flu related deaths?
Pneumonia and secondary bacterial infections are generally responsible for most flu-related deaths, past and present (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2018).
142
How can you tell the difference betwen cold and flu symptoms?
Cold symptoms more often involves the upper respiratory tract, like sinusitis, sneezing, sore throat, and symptoms develop more slowly
Flu symptoms more often involves the lower respiratory tract, with more severe coughing, and is more likely to be accompanied by body aches and pains aswell as headaches, nausea, and fever/chills. Symptoms develop more rapidly than cold.
143
What are the primary goals in supporting influenza?
support the immune system and ease symptoms.
144
Why is there an emphasis on diaphoresis during flu support?
helps ensure that the infection does not have the opportunity to settle deeper in the respiratory tract and cause a more serious infection.
145
Which herbs are considered STRONG diaphoretics?
yarrow (Achillea millefolium) aerial parts,
boneset (Eupatorium perfoliatum) aerial parts,
baptisia (Baptisia tinctoria) root,
andrographis (Andrographis paniculata) aerial parts.
146
What is a useful strategy for body aches and pains during the flu?
Warm herbal baths
147
What is the botanical name for Boneset?
Boneset – Eupatorium perfoliatum (Asteraceae)
148
Which parts of Boneset is used?
Aerial parts
149
What are the specific actions of boneset?
Aperient, bitter, cholagogue, choleretic, diaphoretic, diuretic, immune stimulant
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What are the herbal energetics of boneset?
Cooling and drying
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What are the clinical patterns and uses for boneset?
To reduce fevers:
Boneset has been used extensively by native North Americans, including the Cherokee, Chippewa, Delaware, and Seminole people, as a diaphoretic for easing fevers and for general cold support (Moerman, 1998). European settlers took the use of boneset from the native North American people and began to use the plant for malaria, even propagating it as a substitute for quinine (Hall, 1974). Since then, boneset has been considered specific for intermittent fevers like those occurring in malaria.
To ease flu symptoms(fever, pain, stimulate immune res):
Today, boneset is used by Western herbalists to ease fevers, in general. Boneset aids in diaphoresis and eases symptoms associated with the flu, especially when there are symptoms of pain. Particularly useful for respiratory sources of fever as well, boneset encourages heat to travel to the periphery of the body and thus helps to “break” a fever.
To decongest the lungs and digestive system:
Simon Mills considers boneset useful for any condition exacerbated by dampness and uses it as an anticatarrhal for the respiratory as well as the digestive system (Mills, 1985).
To treat inflammatory diseases:
In a review of the scientific literature on boneset, Hensel et al. (2011, p. 649) state, “Although the postulated immunostimulating properties of Eupatorium perfoliatum have not been confirmed, the anti-inflammatory effects can be seen as a verification of the traditional use against inflammatory diseases.”
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What are the safety considerations for boneset?
Allergies: Individuals with allergic sensitivity to other plants in the Asteraceae (daisy) family may be sensitive to boneset.
Dosage: Doses larger than 7 g of boneset/day may be emetic (Gardner & McGuffin, 2013).
Contraidications: None known
Herb/Drug interactions: None known
153
Which drugs are often used to suppress fever?
acetaminophen (paracetamol, Tylenol)
154
Which drugs are often used to suppress fever?
acetaminophen (paracetamol, Tylenol)
| NSAID's (ibuprofen)
155
What is fever phobia?
Viewing fever as something that needs to be suppressed, instead of a helpful response from the body.
156
In contrast to allopathy, what is the herbal approach to fever?
To encourage sweating through the use of diaphoretics, which opens the pores and creates and outward movement of heat, fluids and pathogens.
157
At what point should an adult with a fever seek medical attention?
adults with a fever higher than 105 degrees F (40.5 C) acutely or a fever over 103 degrees F (39 C) that rises or lasts longer than 48 hours should seek medical attention (UPMC, 2018).
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What is the botanical name for elder?
Elder – Sambucus canadensis or S. nigra (Viburnaceae)
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Which parts of elder is used?
Flower, berry
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What are the specific actions of elder flower?
Alterative, anticatarrhal, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, diaphoretic, diuretic, nervine
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What are the herbal energetics of elder flower?
Cooling and drying
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What are the clinical patterns and uses of elder flower?
For flu virus and symptoms:
Elderflower is commonly used to address colds and influenza with a specific indication for catarrhal inflammation of the upper respiratory tract, including hay fever, sinusitis, and tonsillitis (Hoffmann, 2003). Elderflower has also been used with positive effect for catarrhal deafness and viral infections of the upper respiratory tract. One study observed the antiviral activity of elderflower in a formula with St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum) aerial parts, and soapwort (Saponaria officinalis) root against influenza viruses A and B both in vivo and in vitro, and against herpes simplex type I in vitro (Serkedjieva et al., 1990).
Bronchitis:
An ideal herb to draw from either at the onset of a cold or the flu or after a virus has already taken root, elderflower helps clear signs of heat in the respiratory system and promotes sweating through its diaphoretic action. Heat signs may include coughing, wheezing, purulent nasal discharge, sinus congestion, sore throat, chills, and low fever. Its anticatarrhal action can help reduce excessive amounts of mucus production and restore the mucosa to moderate levels. This is one of the reasons elderflower is used for both acute and chronic forms of bronchitis (Holmes, 1989).
Allergies:
The flavonoids rutin and quercetin in elderflower are the constituents that lend elderflower its anti-inflammatory action. Rutin and quercetin make elderflower also useful for allergic and inflammatory conditions of the upper respiratory tract including rhinitis, sinusitis, laryngitis, and asthma (Holmes, 1989).
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What are the safety considerations of elder flower?
GRASS
The flowers do not contain the cyanide inducing glycocides
164
What is the purpose of a cough
The purpose of a cough is to expel mucus from the upper respiratory passages.
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Name 4 approaches to dealing with a cough
facilitating expectoration (to remove mucus),
soothing irritation and inflammation,
calming the muscle reflex that produces the cough
tonifying the tissue after an illness to strengthen the respiratory system and avoid recurrent infections.
166
What conditions typically result in a wet cough?
flu, the common cold, and acute bronchitis.
This type of cough is often called “productive”—it brings up phlegm (which contains trapped pathogens) from the lungs and airways.
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What conditions typically result in a dry cough?
dust and dander, pollen, cigarette smoke, exhaust or fire fumes, or certain drugs such as ACE inhibitors. early stages of a cold, post-nasal drip, allergies, and chronic bronchitis (Glynn & Bhikha, 2015).
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Which herbs are considered good lung tonics that can help recovery after illness?
mullein (Verbascum thapsus) leaf
reishi (Ganoderma lucidum) mushroom
Astragalus
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What is the botanical name for Licorice?
Licorice – Glycyrrhiza glabra (Fabaceae)
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Which part of Licorice is used?
Root
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What are the specific actions of licorice?
Adaptogen, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, antiviral, aperient, demulcent, expectorant, hepatoprotective
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What are the herbal energetics of licorice?
Moistening
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What are the clinical patterns and uses for licorice?
To sooth dry conditions
Licorice is a sweet and slightly bitter root that restores, relaxes, and softens. Licorice root contains polysaccharides that contribute to its soothing, demulcent quality and it is ideal for afflictions that are hot and dry, such as sore throats, dry coughs, and gastric irritation (e.g., ulcers). Multiple clinical trials have been conducted on licorice and its ability to soothe coughs and sore throats. In a study on 100 individuals experiencing postoperative sore throat, cough, and hoarseness after tracheal surgery, half received licorice lozenges and half received sugar candy. The conductors of the study report that licorice lozenges are efficacious for cough, sore throat, and hoarseness following surgery (Gupta et al., 2013). In another study, gargling with licorice extract (diluted in water) halved the incidence of postoperative sore throat in individuals undergoing tracheal surgery (Ruetzler et al., 2013).
Painful unproductive coughs
In Ayurveda, licorice is considered specific for inflammation in any mucous membrane of the body (Buhner, 2013). As an antispasmodic, licorice eases painful, unproductive coughing, while its relaxing expectorant action helps the body to expel viscous, congestive mucus from the lungs.
Viral infections, such as flu:
Licorice is also a broad-spectrum antiviral that can prevent a virus from entering cells, directly kills viruses through a variety of mechanisms (e.g., stops replication, inhibits growth), or stimulates the immune system to attack a virus (Buhner, 2013). Its primary antiviral constituent is glycyrrhizin, which is 50 times sweeter than sugar and gives licorice its sweet taste. Licorice is an effective antiviral for a long list of viruses, which include several strains of influenza, respiratory viral infections, pneumonia, encephalitis, herpes simplex, and hepatitis (Buhner, 2013). It also has some antibacterial action (Hoffmann, 2003).
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What are the safety considerations for licorice?
Contraindications: (pregnancy, high blood pressure, edema) Licorice is contraindicated in edema and high blood pressure because high doses of glycyrrhizin raise blood pressure and cause fluid imbalances. These cautions generally do not apply to deglycyrrhizinated licorice (DGL) products, which have had the compound glycyrrhizin removed. In addition, licorice is contraindicated in pregnancy (Gardner & McGuffin, 2013).
175
Which compound contained in licorice is responsible for it's anti-viral activity and it's sweet taste
glycyrrhizin
176
What is sinusitus and rhinitis?
Sinusitis is simply inflammation of the sinuses. It is sometimes, but not always, pathogen-related. Sinuses become blocked from swelling or mucus, making it difficult to breathe through the nose. Congestion is the main symptom of sinusitis. Sometimes sinusitis is similar to a cold and is caused by a bacteria, fungus, or virus, while other times it is caused by poor air quality or allergies. It can be helpful to pay close attention to the nature of sinus issues. Are they chronic, episodic, or acutely triggered by something in the environment?
Rhinitis—inflammation of the nasal passages caused by allergies, bacteria, or viruses—affects the nasal mucous layers, which may swell with fluid, exudate, and obstruct airways. Often, the nose is red and swollen and discharges clear mucus from the pressure of the swelling.
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Which herbal actions are good for sinusitus/rhinitis?
anti-inflammatory: goldenrod (Solidago spp.) aerial parts and chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla) flower
anticatarrhal: plantain (Plantago spp.) leaf and elder (Sambucus canadensis or S. nigra) flower
178
What is the botanical name for Goldenrod?
Goldenrod – Solidago spp. (Asteraceae)
179
Which part of goldenrod is used?
Aerial parts
180
What are the specific actions of goldenrod?
Anti-inflammatory, astringent, anticatarrhal, antilithic, antimicrobial, antispasmodic, carminative, diaphoretic, diuretic, styptic
181
What are the herbal energetics of goldenrod?
Drying
182
What are the clinical patterns and uses of goldenrod?
To reduce fever:
Goldenrod species have been listed in both ethnobotanical literature as well as traditional herbal literature as supportive diaphoretics that can be used during a cold or the flu. Okanagan-Colville and Potawatomi peoples are reported to have used an infusion of the flowers and shoots of both S. canadensis and S. flexicaulis for children with fever and flu (Smith, 1933; Turner et al., 1980).
Upper resp. tract - sinusitis, rhinitis, and allergies:
In fact, support for the upper respiratory system is a common theme in the use of goldenrod in both American and European herbal traditions. Goldenrod has a toning, mildly stimulating, anticatarrhal, and antimicrobial action on the mucous membranes (Priest & Priest, 1982). It is because of these qualities that goldenrod had gained popularity as a support for the upper respiratory system especially in the case of sinusitis, rhinitis, and allergies, both internally and externally (goldenrod tea as a nasal rinse provides an instant calming effect). Wood (2008) indicates that goldenrod is best for allergies with symptoms of red conjunctiva, glazed and watery eyes, and an itchy nose, specifically. He also indicates that goldenrod is specific for cat allergies. Though goldenrod supports the upper respiratory system throughout the allergy season, it does not necessarily work through a true antihistamine action. Rather, many herbalists argue that the herb’s benefit is a result of the toning and drying actions upon the upper respiratory mucosa itself coupled by the general support for elimination that goldenrod brings via the urinary system and skin (Menzies-Trull, 2013; Priest & Priest, 1982; Wood, 2008). This attributed toning and drying action upon the respiratory mucosa is the reasoning behind the British Herbal Pharmacopoeia recommendations for the use of Solidago species, specifically S. virgaurea and S. canadensis, against nasopharyngeal catarrh and chronic sinusitis (Barker, 2001).
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What are the safety considerations for goldenrod?
Contraindications: None
Allergies: Individuals with allergic sensitivity to other plants in the Asteraceae (daisy) family may be sensitive to goldenrod.
Herb/Drug interaction: None Known:
Preparation: none
Dosage: None
184
What are lower respiratory tract infections?
Lower respiratory tract infections are infections that present themselves below the pharynx—in the trachea, bronchi, or alveoli of the lungs
185
Which is more serious, lower or upper respiratory track infections?
Lower respiratory infections, such as bronchitis and pneumonia, are more serious than upper respiratory infections; having settled more deeply in the body’s tissues, they can be more difficult to expel. Left unaddressed, lower respiratory infections can cause permanent damage to the airways and lungs.
186
What is Bronchitis?
Generally, bronchitis is defined as inflammation of the bronchial tubes.
187
What causes bronchitis?
Bronchitis can be either acute or chronic. Acute bronchitis is typically caused by a bacteria or virus and can stem from other infections, such as the common cold
188
What is chronic bronchitis?
Chronic bronchitis is inflammation of the bronchial tubes that lasts for an extended period of time, characterized by a cough that lasts 3 months or longer. Often, chronic bronchitis results from an infection such as a cold or acute bronchitis that never fully heals; smoking and continual poor air quality exposure can also contribute. This imbalance starves cells of oxygen and puts extra strain on the immune system, creating other opportunities for imbalance.
189
Why is chronic bronchitis considered obstructive?
Chronic bronchitis is considered obstructive because a continued cough can create structural damage in the lower respiratory system. It often coexists with pulmonary emphysema; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) often refers to a combination of the two.
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What is the herbal strategy for supporting both accute and chronic bronchitis?
The aim is to improve the tissue state, address energetic imbalances, eliminate the pathogen, soothe inflamed or dry tissue, encourage expectoration, and support a fever and sweating. In the case of bronchitis, we also want to prevent permanent damage to the lungs and airway.
It is important to avoid suppressing the cough of acute bronchitis so that mucus can be coughed up and eliminated from the body. Expectorant herbs, such as elecampane (Inula helenium) root and horehound (Marrubium vulgare) aerial parts can assist the body in this task. Other useful herbs for bronchitis include anti-inflammatory and demulcent herbs, such as licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) root and marshmallow (Althaea officinalis) root, to soothe irritated respiratory tissue. Antimicrobial herbs, such as yarrow (Achillea millefolium) aerial parts and hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis) aerial parts are also key, even in chronic bronchitis, to prevent recurrence (Bone & Mills, 2013).
In chronic bronchitis, a primary goal is to heal the tissue of the respiratory tract while also eliminating irritants in the air. Quitting smoking, reducing the number of cigarettes per day, and improving indoor air quality can have a noticeable, positive effect on the health of the respiratory system, even in the short term.
Syrups and oxymels, in addition to teas, are great for soothing coughs and chest pain. The honey in syrups and oxymels is soothing in and of itself.
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What is the recipe for the most basic oxymel used to sooth coughs?
An oxymel is a traditional vinegar and honey extraction that can smooth out the intensity of strong-tasting herbs like garlic or elecampane. This recipe is a good base for a cough syrup or an immune tonic.
Ingredients
1 small onion
240 mL (8 fl oz) vinegar (many herbalists prefer raw apple cider vinegar)
480 g (16 oz) raw honey
Directions
Chop onion.
Add onion and vinegar to a clean glass jar, making sure vinegar covers onion completely.
Let infuse for 2 weeks in a cool, dark cupboard.
Strain vinegar from the onion.
Gently warm onion-infused vinegar in a pan.
Remove from heat and whisk honey into vinegar until smooth.
Bottle and cap tightly.
Label and store in the fridge or in a cool, dark cabinet.
Suggested usage is 5 mL (1 tsp) to 15 mL (1 tbsp), a few times a day.
192
What is the botanical name for Elecampane?
Elecampane – Inula helenium (Asteraceae)
193
Which part of Elecampane is used?
Root
194
What are the specific actions fo elecampane?
Alterative, anticatarrhal, antimicrobial, carminative, cholagogue, emmenagogue, expectorant
195
What are the herbal energetics of elecampane?
Warming
196
What are the clinical patterns and uses of elecampane?
As an expectorant:
Elecampane is indicated for damp, cold, congested, stuck conditions due to its stimulating, expectorant effect.
improve digestion:
It has been used as an herb for millennia, with the Greeks and Romans considering it one of their most important herbs. The Romans made a delicate sauce out of elecampane root to aid digestion after rich meals, and Pliny suggested “let no day pass without eating some of the roots of Enula, considered to help digestion and cause mirth” (Grieve, 1931, para. 10).
Lung and digestive complaints:
Native American tribes have a history of using elecampane for a variety of ailments: the Cherokee for coughs, lung disorders, asthma, strengthening the womb, and tuberculosis; the Delaware and Oklahoma tribes as a tonic to strengthen digestive organs, to remove intestinal mucus, and as a laxative; the Iroquois for colds, pain relief, rheumatic pain, coughs, fever relief, asthma, pulmonary chest pains, and sores and cuts as a poultice; and the Malecite to ease the pain of headaches (Moerman, 1998). In Ayurveda, elecampane is used to clear the lungs and as a rejuvenating tonic for lung tissue. Chinese medicine uses the flowers and leaves of two other species of elecampane (I. japonica and I. chinensis) as mildly warming expectorants for chest congestion and as strengthening digestive bitters (Chevallier, 1996).
Lower respiratory infections (bronchitis):
Elecampane excels at warming and clearing the lower respiratory system, expelling congestion and stuck energy. In addition to being an excellent expectorant, it also soothes the tissue irritation and inflammation that results from coughing. As herbalist David Hoffmann explains, the mucilage (inulin) in elecampane is relaxing to tissues and soothing to irritation while the volatile oils are stimulating and promote expectoration (Hoffmann, 2003). The volatile oil alantolactone is anti-inflammatory, reduces mucus production, and stimulates the immune system (Chevallier, 1996). Elecampane is soothing to bronchial coughs and is a gentle, tonic expectorant for chronic bronchitis, bronchial catarrh (congestion), and tuberculosis.
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what are the safety considerations for elecampane?
Contraindications: None
Alergies: Individuals with allergic sensitivity to other plants in the Asteraceae (daisy) family may be sensitive to elecampane
Herb/Drug interactions: None known
Prepration/Dose: None
198
What is the botanical name of Hyssop?
Hyssop – Hyssopus officinalis (Lamiaceae)
199
Which part of Hyssop is used?
Aerial parts
200
What are the specific actions of hyssop?
Antimicrobial, antispasmodic, bitter, carminative, diaphoretic, expectorant
201
What are the herbal energetics of Hyssop?
Warming and drying
202
What are the clinical patterns and uses of Hyssop?
Chest infections with spasmodic coughs:
Hoffmann (2003) attributes its range of uses to the antispasmodic action of hyssop’s volatile oils, which benefit everything from intestinal cramping to persistent coughs to nervous tension. Hyssop’s volatile oils are also responsible for its antimicrobial and expectorant action.
Bronchitis, colds and flus:
Hyssop shines in its ability to ease respiratory ailments such as colds, the flu, and bronchitis. Its warming and drying energetics make hyssop a stimulating decongestant useful for cold and moist colds characterized by excessive, runny, clear mucus and sneezing. Bennett (2014) uses hyssop as her “foremost ally for helping people heal from bronchitis…to expectorate even the most entrenched phlegm stuck in the bronchia and cilia of the lungs from chronic bronchitis” (p. 434).
to induce diaphoresis:
Hyssop’s diaphoretic action comes from its warming energetics, which stimulate circulation and cause sweating (McIntyre, 1996).
To sooth a sore throat:
Hyssop syrup or a gargle made from hyssop tea can also help to soothe a sore throat.
203
What are the safety considerations of Hyssop?
contraindations: Hyssop should not be used in pregnancy.
Allergies: None Known
Herb/Drug interactions: None Known
Preperation/dosage: None
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What is the botanical name of Horehound?
Horehound – Marrubium vulgare (Lamiaceae)
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Which part of Horehound is used?
Aerial parts
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What are the specific actions of Horehound?
Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antispasmodic, antitussive, bitter, diuretic, emmenagogue, expectorant, vulnerary
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What are the herbal energetics of Horehound?
Cooling and drying
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What are the clinical patterns and uses for Horehound?
Bronchitis with unproductive cough:
Due to its expectorant action, horehound is a valuable herb for supporting the clearance of bronchitis, particularly when there is a non-productive cough. It works by encouraging mucus production and relaxing the smooth muscles of the bronchi. The stimulant action of horehound works on the laryngeal and bronchial mucous membranes, influencing respiratory function overall (Hoffmann, 2003).
To ease pain associated with cough, sore throat:
The analgesic action of horehound has been found to significantly ease pain, making it a useful herb for pain associated with coughs and sore throats. Its antispasmodic action is also useful in this regard and can help relax a painful, spastic cough (de Souza et al., 1998).
General dry lung conditions:
Traditionally, horehound was used for whooping cough and in syrup form for coughs, colds, asthma, and other pulmonary issues (Hoffmann, 2003).
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what are the safety considerations for Horehound?
Contraindications: Due to its emmenagogue action, horehound should be avoided during pregnancy (Gardner & McGuffin, 2013).
Allergies: None
Drug/Herb interaction: None Known
Preparation/Dosage: None
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What is the difference in action between hot and cold infusions of Horehound
Horehound can be used as either a warm or cold infusion depending on the desired purpose. The warm infusion of horehound can help disperse heat, promote sweating, ease throat hoarseness, and resolve mucus. The cold infusion promotes urination and helps stop sweating and excessive discharge (Hoffmann, 2003; Holmes, 1989).
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What is the difference in action between hot and cold infusions of Horehound?
Horehound can be used as either a warm or cold infusion depending on the desired purpose. The warm infusion of horehound can help disperse heat, promote sweating, ease throat hoarseness, and resolve mucus. The cold infusion promotes urination and helps stop sweating and excessive discharge (Hoffmann, 2003; Holmes, 1989).
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What is the botanical name for Thyme?
Thyme – Thymus vulgaris (Lamiaceae)
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Which parts of Thyme are used?
Aerial parts
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What are the specific actions of Thyme?
Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiparasitic, antispasmodic, astringent, carminative, diaphoretic, expectorant
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What are the herbal energetics of Thyme?
Warming and drying
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What are the clinical patterns and uses for Thyme?
Breathing difficulties and respiratory imbalances:
in Chinese medicine, thyme is associated with the Lung, Liver, and Stomach. For its connection to the Lung meridian, it is used to warm the Lung in instances of acute and chronic respiratory infections, asthma, and spasmodic coughs as well as for immune support during colds and the flu (Tierra, 1998). Thyme has long been favored by herbalists as a go-to herb for breathing difficulties and for any kind of imbalance that encroaches upon the respiratory system.Thyme acts as a bronchodilator and as an anti-inflammatory agent and is used to address asthma, bronchitis, whooping cough, pneumonia, and the common cold (Holmes, 2006).
Congested sinusus:
In addition, the herb has an opening influence upon the sinuses, where its warming and drying nature helps to clear congestion. It is often used as a tea, a gargle, or with honey to expel mucus.
Bronchitis
Clinical trials have supported the use of thyme in combination with other herbs for acute bronchitis and as a simple for productive coughs (Bone & Mills, 2013).
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What are the safety considerations for Thyme?
Contraindications: None
Allergies: None
Herb/Drug interactions: None Known
Preparation/Dosage: Use only culinary amounts during pregnancy.
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What is pneumonia?
mucus or pus from infection fills the alveoli, making it difficult to breathe and for gas exchange to occur. It affects elders at higher rates than the rest of the population, where permanent damage to the lungs and vital force are more devastating (Mayo Clinic, 2018).
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How can herbs be used to support pneumonia?
Get medical attention
Certain dietary shifts support the body in rebounding during and after pneumonia. In addition to dietary guidelines mentioned above, consuming more hot, dry culinary herbs such as thyme (Thymus vulgaris), cayenne (Capsicum annuum), garlic (Allium sativum), and rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), can help soothe tissue and ease symptoms of dampness.
Whenever antibiotics are taken, probiotic foods or supplements should be taken to replenish healthy flora in the gut and throughout the body. Eating live cultured food such as yogurt, kimchi, sauerkraut, tempeh, and kefir helps recolonize the gut. Probiotic supplements containing high counts of live cultures of Acidophilus and Bifidus are also suggested after antibiotic use.
After the pneumonia infection is gone, it is still important to support continued healing. Respiratory, immune, and digestive tonics are all important for a full recovery from pneumonia. Astragalus (Astragalus membranaceus) root and reishi (Ganoderma lucidum) mushroom act as both respiratory and immune tonics and can be taken daily, in food or as a decoction. Bitter tonics such as dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) root and burdock (Arctium lappa) root help reawaken digestion and revive metabolism.
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What is asthma?
In an asthma attack, banded muscles in the airway that surround the bronchial tubes contract, causing the airways to narrow in the lower passageway of the lungs. Asthma is understood as both a chronic inflammatory condition and a hypersensitivity reaction, and possibly an autoimmune imbalance (Tadeschi & Asero, 2008). Individuals with asthma are more sensitive than others to irritants, resulting in excess mucus production deep in the lungs and constriction of the airways.
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What is asthma?
In an asthma attack, banded muscles in the airway that surround the bronchial tubes contract, causing the airways to narrow in the lower passageway of the lungs. Asthma is understood as both a chronic inflammatory condition and a hypersensitivity reaction, and possibly an autoimmune imbalance (Tadeschi & Asero, 2008). Individuals with asthma are more sensitive than others to irritants, resulting in excess mucus production deep in the lungs and constriction of the airways.
Asthma is often an illness of childhood that people grow out of over time. When it develops as an adult, it often gets worse with age (Plaut, 1988).
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What is the hallmark of asthma?
The hallmark of asthma is hyperresponsiveness of the immune system, acting on respiratory tissues. Symptoms include a cough that is worse at night, wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, sputum production, and decreased exercise tolerance (Lynn & Kushto-Reese, 2015)
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What is the hallmark of asthma?
The hallmark of asthma is hyperresponsiveness of the immune system, acting on respiratory tissues. Symptoms include a cough that is worse at night, wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, sputum production, and decreased exercise tolerance (Lynn & Kushto-Reese, 2015)
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What are the risk factors that can lead to the development of asthma?
Risk factors include low heart rate variability, a mother who smokes, and premature birth.
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What is the strategy for working with asthma
relaxing smooth muscle, reducing allergen-induced inflammation, modulating immune response, and reducing exposure to allergens in the environment. tonifying the lungs, reducing hyperreactivity, and supporting the nervous system.
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Which herbs are useful for supporting asthma?
immunomodulants, such as reishi (Ganoderma lucidum) mushroom and astragalus (Astragalus membranaceus) root, lung tonics, such as mullein (Verbascum thapsus) leaf, anti-inflammatories and antihistamines, such as Baikal skullcap (Scutellaria baicalensis) root and fresh nettle (Urtica dioica) leaf, and nervines, such as skullcap (Scutellaria lateriflora) aerial parts are indicated. Because airway constriction is one of the main symptoms of an asthma attack, herbs that help open the airways, such as wild cherry (Prunus serotina) bark, are an important support strategy. Bitter and carminative herbs, which can improve liver metabolism, also help to modulate hyperresponsivity.
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What is the botanical name for Wild cherry?
Wild cherry – Prunus serotina (Rosaceae)
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Which part of Wild cherry is used?
Inner bark
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What are the specific actions of Wild cherry?
Anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, antitussive, astringent, bitter, bronchodilator, expectorant, nervine, sedative
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What are the herbal energetics of wild cherry?
Cooling and moistening
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What are the clinical patterns and uses for wild cherry?
For recovery from illness:
Wild cherry is indicated for excited tissue states (i.e., heat, redness, inflammation, tenderness) (Wood, 2008) and is considered a general restorative in the case of chronic illness, such as bronchitis, or during convalescence from illness. As Peter Holmes (1997) explains, “wild cherry can speed recovery by recouping lost forces, strengthening the heart, kindling the appetite, and clearing any remaining heat in the skin” (p. 544).
Native American tribes have historically used wild cherry for a variety of ailments: the Cherokee for coughs, colds, fevers, indigestion, to ease labor pains, as a blood tonic, and as an astringent wash for sores and ulcers; the Chippewa to expel worms, disinfect and dress burns, cuts, wounds, and ulcers, and address cholera and tuberculosis; the Delaware for diarrhea, coughs, and as a tonic for general debility; the Iroquois for coughs, colds, fevers, headaches, bronchitis, lung inflammation, sore throats, blood purification, sores caused by “bad blood,” and burns; and the Ojibwa for chest pain and soreness (Moerman, 1998).
For uncontrollable coughing and breathing difficulty:
Wild cherry’s most popular use is as an antitussive. Its sedative action is helpful for easing the cough reflex and calming irritating coughs (Hoffmann, 2003). It is great for respiratory infections when there is a lot of mucus, coughing, and constricted airways that make breathing difficult. Due to its astringent, sedative, antispasmodic, and bronchodilator actions, it dries mucus, increases expectoration, and opens the airways. It is especially helpful for coughs that make it difficult to sleep through the night, and is nice in a cough syrup for this purpose. It can be used in the case of bronchitis, whooping cough, and croup. It is also helpful for relieving unproductive, irritating coughs that linger after an infection is over (Piorier, 2013).
Allergies and sinusitis:
Its cooling nature and anti-inflammatory action are helpful for inflammatory conditions such as acute and chronic sinus inflammation and allergies.
Asthma:
As a bronchodilator, it also helps ease asthma, and is often used in combination with other herbs to soothe symptoms of asthma (Hoffmann, 2003).
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What are the safety considerations for wild cherry?
Contraindications: None
Allergies: None
Herb/Drug interactions: None
Preparation/Dose: Cherry bark should be dried completely before use, as fresh bark contains high levels of hydrocyanic acid, which is potentially toxic (Gardner & McGuffin, 2013). It should be harvested fresh (not picked up from the ground) as fermented bark contains the potentially toxic constituent.
233
Explain the basic photosynthesis reaction
6co2 + 6h2o + sunlight = c6h12o6 + 6o2
234
What can be used to replace toxic houshold cleaners?
vinegar, baking soda, borax, liquid soap, and herbs and/or essential oils
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What can be done to improve the air quality for sufferers of asthma, chronic bronchitis or copd?
replace toxic household cleaners and chemicals
fill house with pot plants that filter the air
household high efficiency particulate air (HEPA)
keep horizontal surfaces clean
ventilate for 72hours after engaging in other remodeling activities that are likely to “off-gas” volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and other pollutants.
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What are the benefits of forest bathing?
Several Japanese studies on shinrin-yoku, or forest bathing, have conclusively shown that walking in a forest or other natural environment upregulates immune activity, downregulates cortisol release, lowers pulse rate and blood pressure, and supports a shift to the “rest and digest” or “tend and befriend” parasympathetic nervous system state (Park et al., 2009).
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What essential oil dilution is used for children under 12 years old, individuals over 65 years old, those who are pregnant or breastfeeding (note that some oils are contraindicated in this case), those with chemical sensitivity, and individuals with long-term illnesses, cancer, or immune system disorders. This dilution is appropriate for daily facial care.
1% Dilution:
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What essential oil dilution is used for general wellness-supporting blends for otherwise healthy people over 12 years old for daily body care, natural perfumes, bath oils, and for blends used daily.
2% Dilution:
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What essential oil dilution is used when creating a blend for people over 12 years old with a specific, acute health concern needing short-term support, such as headaches, burns, pain, colds, or the flu.
3-5% Dilution:
