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Herbs, Foods, and Phytochemicals > herbs + chemicals > Flashcards

herbs + chemicals Flashcards

1
Q

Medicinal, ____, and ____ effects of herbs/plant foods are mostly due to _____

A

physiological; toxicological

plant chemicals

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2
Q

Define “natural products:”

A

chemical substances produced by living organisms in nature

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3
Q

What are phytochemicals?

A

chemicals made by plants

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4
Q

Chemicals in plants not immediately necessary to cell growth are known as:

A

secondary metabolites

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5
Q

secondary metabolites play roles in:

A

defense (mainly), reproduction, communication

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6
Q

What are differences between primary and secondary metabolites?

A

primary: essential for growth/reproduction/metabolism/structure
well defined, similar between species

secondary: not specifically required;
blurry classification; high variation

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7
Q

What chemical types are primary metabolites?

A

carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, DNA, plant hormones

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8
Q

What chemical types are secondary metabolites?

A

lignin, flavonoids, terpenes, alkaloids

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9
Q

What components are used to form secondary metabolites?

A

components from primary metabolites

AA, peptides, FA, mono and disaccharides, polysaccharides

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10
Q

True/False: essential oils are classified as lipids

A

False

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11
Q

How can secondary chemicals help in plant defense?

A

deter herbivores (or attract predators)
protect against infection
reduce environmental stress (UV, metals)

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12
Q

How can secondary chemicals help in plant reproduction?

A 
attract pollinators (pigments, pheromones)
better seed dispersal
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13
Q

Plants with biologically active compounds often taste ___.

A

bitter

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14
Q

What are the classes of secondary chemicals? (6)

A 
glucosinolates
alkaloids
terpenes
quinones
coumarins
phenolics
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15
Q

What plants contain glucosinolates?

A

mustard family

nasturtiums (Tropaeolum)

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16
Q

glucosinolates are known as: ____. Why?

A

mustard-oil glycosides

can be broken down to yield ISOTHIOCYANATE (mustard oil)

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17
Q

Alkaloids are ___ containing chemicals without ____

A

Nitrogen

sulfur atoms

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18
Q

Name some alkaloids:

A

morphine, nicotine, atrophine, quinine, strychnine, colchinine

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19
Q

Where is colchinine from and what is it used for?

A 
autumn crocus (colchicum autumnale)
treat gout, antiinflammatory, potential cancer drug?
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20
Q

What alkaloids do echinacea contain? What effects do they have?

A

pyrrolizidine alkaloids

immunostimulant

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21
Q

Caffeine is a ______ (type of compound)

A

xanthine alkaloid

22
Q

Terpenes are made of ___ units. The simplest terpenes are ______, with ___ carbons.

A

isoprenoid (5C)

monoterpenes, 10C

23
Q

terpenes with 3 isoprene units are called ____. Examples are:

A

sesquiterpenes
zingiberene (from ginger)
parthenolide (feverfew)

24
Q

Monoterpenes are common in the ___ family and the ___ family.

A

mint (lamiaceae)

carrot (apiaceae)

25
Q

terpenes with 30 carbons are known as: ____.

What are some characteristics? (3)

A

triterpenes

  • highly variable structures
  • can be extensively modified
  • diverse biological activities
26
Q

Some triterpenes have similar structures to mammalian ____. an example is _____.

A

hormones

beta-sitosterol (phytosterol)

27
Q

3 examples of modified triterpenes:

A

phytosterols
cardiac glycosides
saponins

28
Q

What is the structure of saponins?

A

triterpene + glycoside

29
Q

What triterpene is found in birch, and what properties could it possibly have?

A

Betulinic acid

anti-cancer properties

30
Q

What are cardiac glycosides? What is their structure?

A

triterpene that can alter rhythm of heart (potentially fatal)
sugar (glycone) + steroid (aglycone) + R group

31
Q

3 examples of cardiac glycosides and their sources:

A

digoxin (foxglove)
oleandrin (oleander)
phytolaccagenin (pokeweed)

32
Q

True/False: carotenoids are terpenes

A

True; contain 8 isoprene units (40C)

33
Q

Quinones are derived from _____ molecules such as _____

A

aromatic/cyclic

benzene

34
Q

2 quinones essential to the human body are:

What are the roles of each?

A 
vitamin K (phylloquinone) - for blood clotting
coenzyme Q - redox reactions (e transfer, antioxidant)
35
Q

common examples of anthroquinones:

What are these used for?

A 
emodin (black buckthorn)
sennoside B (senna plant)

stimulant laxative

36
Q

What is an example of a polynuclear quinone? What is this compound used for?

A

hypericin (st john’s wort)

possible antiviral/antibacterial effects; kinase inhibitor; treat mild depression

37
Q

What is the structure of a coumarin?

A

2 rings
C6 - C3
lactones of hydroxycinnamic acid

38
Q

What is the structure of a furanocoumarin ?

A

coumarin + furan ring (C-C-O)

39
Q

What family is rich in coumarins?

A

Apiaceae (carrot)

40
Q

What are phenolic compounds?

A

aromatic benzene ring compounds with 1 or more hydroxyl groups

41
Q

What are phenolic compounds usually synthesized from?

A

Phe -> cinnamic acid -> phenolics

Tyr -> p-coumaric acid -> phenolics

42
Q

examples of phenolic types: (7)

A 
benzoic acids
coumarins
stilbenes
lignans
lignin
flavonoids
tannins
43
Q

What 2 pathways contribute the components to synthesize flavonoids? What is the basic structure?

A

shikimic acid pathway (create C6-C3)
malonic acid pathway (C6)
join together: 2 C6 rings connected by C3 bridge

44
Q

What isoflavonol is found in soy? What is it known for?

What other plant contains similar compounds?

A

genistein
phytoestrogen - treat menopause
red clover also contains isoflavones

45
Q

___ is a polyphenol very high in tea. It is commonly used in: _____.

A

ECGC

dietary supplements

46
Q

What is the compound in cranberry associated with preventing UTIs?

A

A-type proanthocyanidins (a polyphenol)

47
Q

What are the 2 types of tannins?

A

condensed

hydrolyzable

48
Q

What are condensed tannins?

A

flavonoid polymers

49
Q

What are hydrolyzable tannins?

A

phenolic acids bound to carbohydrate core

hydrolysis -> released

50
Q

Tannins are found in ___, ____, and ___ leaves, and also ___ trees. What are they used for?

A

blackberry, blueberry, raspberry; oak

anti-diarrhea

51
Q

How can tannins interact with proteins? This produces a ____ taste.

A

hydrogen bonds
covalent bonds
astringent

Herbs, Foods, and Phytochemicals (3 decks)

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