Heredity and Society (Lecture 7-11) Flashcards

Question

Porto-oncogenes

Answer 1

Stimulates the cell growth -pushes the cell through all the check points -if mustered, become oncogenes (accelerator)

Answer 2

Accelerator

Answer 3

G1/S or G2/M control points | If mutated, brakes are removed, cell grow out of control

Answer 4

Stimulates the cell growth -pushes the cell through all check points If mutated, become oncogenes, accelerator is permanently on

Answer 5

Malignant tumor is more serious health problem than a benign tumor because cancer cells can spread to distant parts of the body

Answer 6

Not cancer Tumor cells grow only locally and cannot spread by invasion of metastasis Grow locally

Answer 7

Cancer | Cells invade neighboring tissues, enter blood vessels, and metastasize to different sizes

Answer 8

1. Cancer cells break away from their original tissue 2. The metastasizing cells become attached to the wall of a blood vessel. They secrete digestive enzymes to create an opening. Then they cross the wall at the breach. 3. Cancer cells creep or tumble along inside blood vessels, then leave the bloodstream the same way they got in. They start new tumor a in new tissues

Answer 9

Uncontrolled cell division

Answer 10

Cell accumulates a # of mutations over a long period of time Have abnormal shapes Affect many different cells and tissues or metastatic

Answer 11

The most common types of cancer, arise from the cells that cover external and internal body surfaces.

Answer 12

Lung, breast, and colon

Answer 13

Cancers arising from cells found in the supporting tissues of the body such as bone, cartilage, fat, connective tissue, and muscle

Answer 14

Cancers that arise in the lymph and tissues of the body's immune system

Answer 15

Cancers of the immature blood cells that how in the bone marrow and tend tl accumulate in large numbers in the blood stream

Answer 16

Surgery Radiation Chemotherapy Drugs

Answer 17

Physical or chemical substances that causes mutations in DNA

Answer 18

A substance or agent that causes cancer

Answer 19

Large effect on the ability to taste, smell, and metabolize medicines

Answer 20

Ability to taste PTC is controlled by a pair of allies Homozygous recessive individuals can not taste PTC Kale and Brussels sprouts

Answer 21

``` Pharmacokinetics Differences may include: Drug resistance Toxic sensitivity Development of cancer Other ```

Answer 22

Succinylcholine A muscle relaxant Used as a short acting aesthetic Broken down by an enzyme serum cholinesterase Homozygous recessive individuals are sensitive to the drug May cause lethal paralysis of respiratory muscles

Answer 23

Subdiscipline within genetics that studies the organization and arrangement of chromosomes. Links chromosome variations to specific traits.

Answer 24

``` Loss of chromosomal material Example: Cri du chat Deletion of short arm of chromosome 5 Affects motor and mental function Infant cry resembles a meowing cat DiGeorge syndrome ```

Answer 25

Exchange between non-homologous chromosomes

Answer 26

47, XXY Testes smaller, may develop breast tissue, large hands and feet, sparse pubic/facial hair Affected individuals are male but usually sterile May have mental dysfunction Other forms XXYY, XXXY and XXXXY

Answer 27

``` 45, XYY 1/1000 births Above average in height Often severe acne/adolesence May have personality/behavioral disorders May lead normal lives ```

Answer 28

4?, X 95-99% 45X die before birth Females; short, wide chest; rudimentary ovaries; and abnormal sexual development No mental dysfunction Complete absence of an X chromosome is lethal

Answer 29

is the failure of homologs or sister chromatids chromosomes to separate in meiosis or mitosis Produces abnormal gametes

Answer 30

Trisomy 21: First chromosomal abnormality discovered in humans (1959) 1/900 live births Leading cause of mental retardation and heart defects in US Wide flat skulls, skin folds in the corner of the eyes, thick, furrowed tongues 40% congenital heart defects

Answer 31

Trisomy 18: Affected infants small at birth, grow slowly and are mentally retarded For unknown reasons 80% of all trisomy 18 are female Advanced maternal age is a risk factor

Answer 32

Trisomy 13 Lethal Facial malformations, eye defects (small or absent) Parental age only known risk factor

Answer 33

needs answer

Answer 34

The aug codon that signals the location in mRNA where translation begins

Answer 35

Condoms UAA UAG UGA in mRNA that signal the end of translation

Answer 36

A group of three nucleotides in a tRNA molecule that recognize a specific codon in mRNA

Answer 37

vCreutzfeldt-Jakob Fatal familial insomnia Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) or mad-cow disease

Answer 38

``` Folding–structure-function May cause changes in protein folding Examples Cystic Fibrosis Alzheimer disease, Parkinson’s Huntington’s disease ```

Answer 39

Mutation caused by the insertion of deletion of nucleotides

Answer 40

mutation in which a single nucleotide change results in a codon that codes for a different amino acid.

Answer 41

a nonsense mutation is a point mutation in a sequence of DNA that results in a premature stop codon, or a nonsense codon in the transcribed mRNA, and in a truncated, incomplete, and usually nonfunctional protein product.

Answer 42

needs answer