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Herpesviridae (Ex2) Flashcards

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1
Q

Morphology of Herpesviridae

A
  • enveloped, spherical to pleomorphic
  • icosahedral capsid, T=16
  • capsid surrounded by globular material called tegument
  • glycoproteins in lipid envelope
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2
Q

Describe the viral genome of Herpesviridae

A
  • non-segmented, linear, double-stranded DNA

- contains terminal and internal repeated sequences

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3
Q

Explain replication of Herpesviridae

A
  • DNA replication occurs in the nucleus
  • viral envelope acquired by bidding through inner layer of nuclear envelope
  • mature virions accumulate within vacuoles in the cytoplasm and are released by cytolysis
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4
Q

What are Type A Cowdry bodies?

A

eosinophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies that are characteristic of herpesvirus

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5
Q

General features of subfamily alphaherpesvirinae

A
  • highly cytopathic, lyse infected cells

- short replication cycle

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6
Q

Bovine Herpesvirus 1

subfamily, diseases caused

A
  • Alphaherpesvirinae
  • Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR)
  • Infectious pustular vulvovaginitis
  • Ocular form of IBR
  • abortion
  • Systemic disease of newborn calves
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7
Q

What are the 3 subtypes of BHV-1?

A
  • BHV-1.1 (respiratory)
  • BHV-1.2 (genital)
  • BHV-1.3 (encephalitic)
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8
Q

Transmission of BHV-1

A
  • respiratory disease and conjunctivitis from droplet transmission
  • genital disease from coitus or AI with infected semen
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9
Q

What are the sites of latency for BHV-1?

A
  • Trigeminal nerve (respiratory)

- Sciatic nerve (genital)

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10
Q

Clinical signs of the respiratory form of BHV-1

A
  • red nose: inflamed nares, hyperemia
  • rhinitis, laryngitis, tracheitis
  • anorexia, fever, depression, serous discharge
  • nasal lesions with numerous clusters of grayish necrotic foci on mucus membranes
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11
Q

Clinical signs of ocular form of IBR

A
  • conjunctivitis
  • ocular discharge
  • lesions confined to conjunctiva, inflamed, reddened, edematous
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12
Q

Clinical signs of Systemic Disease of Newborn Calves

A
  • severe in calves less than 10 days
  • generalized disease with pyrexia, diarrhea, respiratory distress, ocular discharge, incoordination, convulsions, and death
  • small ulcers in forestomachs, peritonitis
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13
Q

Clinical signs of genital form of BHV-1

IPV and Balanoposthitis

A 
IPV: frequent urination
- vaginal mucosa red and swollen
- elevated tail position
- vaginal discharge
- swollen vulva, red spots, pustules
B: inflammation and pustules in mucosa of penis and prepuce
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14
Q

Bovine Herpesvirus-2

subfamily, diseases caused

A
  • Alphaherpesvirinae
  • Bovine Ulcerative Mammillitis
  • Pseudo Lumpy Skin Disease
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15
Q

Bovine Ulcerative Mammilitis Clinical signs and Transmission

A
  • teats swollen and painful, bluish skin, exudes serum
  • reduction in milk yield
  • mastitis
  • direct contact through damaged skin, and mechanical by arthropods
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16
Q

Pseudo-Lumpy Skin Disease clinical signs and transmission

A
  • mild fever
  • skin nodules with flat surface and depressed center on epidermis
  • mechanical by arthropods
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17
Q

Pseudorabies

subfamily, etiology, hosts

A
  • Alphaherpesvirinae
  • Porcine Herpesvirus 1/Suid Herpesvirus 1
  • disease of swine
  • wide range of secondary hosts
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18
Q

Transmission of Pseudorabies in primary and secondary hosts

A

Swine: recovered pigs are carriers
- transmitted by rodent reservoirs
- virus shed in saliva, nasal discharge, milk
- licking, biting, aerosol, ingestion of carcass, water, or feed
Dogs/Cats: ingestion of infected carcassas
Cattle: direct contact with infected pigs

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19
Q

Pathogenesis of Pseudorabies in Swine

site of replication, spread

A
  • site of replication is upper respiratory tract
  • spreads via lymphatics to lymph nodes
  • virema spreads to other organs
  • spreads to CNS via cranial nerves
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20
Q

Pseudorabies clinical signs in swine

A
  • febrile response, anorexia, weight loss
  • piglets: 100% mortality, CNS disease
  • pregnant sows: 50% abortion, before 30th day, death and reabsorption, later, stillborn, weak, or normal piglets
  • older piglets: mild disease, respiratory signs, CNS signs
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21
Q

Describe the necropsy findings of a pig with pseudorabies

A
  • serous to fibrinous rhinitis
  • necrotic tonsilitis
  • liver and spleen with yellow-white necrotic foci
  • necrotic placentitis and endometritis
  • CNS: perivascular cuffing
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22
Q

Clinical Signs of Pseudorabies in secondary hosts

A 
Cattle: intense pruritis, frenzy
- progressive CNS signs
- death from respiratory failure
Dogs: pruritis frenzy, self-mutilation
- paralysis of jaw and pharynx
- plaintive howling
Cats: rapid development so possibly no pruritis
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23
Q

Equine Herpesvirus 1 transmission and latency sites

A
  • inhalation of infected aerosols, direct or indirect contact with nasal discharges, aborted fetuses, or placental fluids
  • sites of latency: tissues of CNS (trigeminal ganglia), and lymph system
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24
Q

Equine Herpesvirus 1 pathogenesis

A
  • route of infection is the respiratory tract
  • infects endothelial cells of lamina propria
  • infected phagocytes drain in lymph and enter circulation
  • main lesion: infection of endothelial cells, leading to vascular necrosis, thrombus formation, and death to tissues
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25
How does EHV-1 cause immunosuppression?
codes a protein that inhibits TAP protein, thereby blocking delivery of the antigen to class 1 MHC molecules
26
Clinical Signs of respiratory disease caused by EHV-1
- in younger horses - rhinopneumonitis - fever, bilateral nasal discharge, coughing, inappetence, and depression - secondary bacterial infections
27
Clinical Signs of encephalomyeopathy caused by EHV-1
- immune-mediated vasculitis leading to infarction and hemorrhage within the brain and spinal cord - severity ranges from hind limb incoordination to quadriplegia resulting in death
28
Clinical Signs of reproductive form of EHV-1
- abortions occur in last trimester - reproductive efficiency not compromised - abortion storms
29
What disease is caused by Equine Herpesvirus 4? | - What subfamily?
Equine Viral Rhinopneumonitis | - alphaherpesvirus
30
Clinical signs of Equine Viral Rhinopneumonitis
- rarely causes abortion - upper respiratory tract disease - nasal discharge, coughing, fever, increased lung sounds
31
What disease is caused by Canine Herpesvirus 1? | What subfamily is it?
Hemorrhagic Disease of Puppies "Fading Puppy Syndrome" - alphaherpesvirus
32
Transmission of CHV-1
Neonates: contact with infected oral, nasal, or vaginal secretions of mom or littermates - in-utero transmission - passage through birth canal - fomites Older dogs: venereal - contact with saliva, nasal discharge, or urine of infected dogs
33
Pathogenesis of CHV-1 systemic neonatal infection
- replication in nasal epithelium, tonsils, and pharynx - leukocyte associated viremia - replication in endothelial cells - diffuse necrotizing vasculitis, hemorrhagic necrosis in several organs - thrombocytopenia, DIC - temp of puppy is critical
34
Clinical Signs of Fading Puppy Syndrome
- painful crying - abdominal pain - anorexia - dyspnea - soft, odorless, green stool - no elevation in body temp
35
Clinical signs of Fading Puppy Syndrome in bitches
- generally asymptomatic - vaginal hyperemia, vesicular vaginitis with discharge - in-utero infection may result in abortion, stillbirth, mummified fetus, or infertility
36
What disease is caused by Feline Herpesvirus 1? | What subfamily is it?
Feline Rhinotracheitis - infectious respiratory disease - alphaherpesvirus
37
Transmission of Feline Rhinotracheitis
- shed in ocular, nasal, and oral secretions - spread by direct contact with infected cat - routes: nasal, oral, conjunctival - all recovered cats become carriers
38
Pathogenesis of Feline Rhinotracheitis
- replication in mucosa of the nasal septum, turbinates, nasopharynx, and tonsils - viremia is rare, replication restricted to low temperature - areas of multifocal epithelial necrosis, inflammation, and fibrinous exudation - secondary bacterial infections
39
Clinical Signs of Feline Rhinotracheitis
Kittens: severe upper resp disease - rhinotracheitis, fatal bronchopneumonia - conjunctivitis and ulcerative keratitis Adults: mild or subclinical Pregnant: abortion
40
Explain the use of Fluorescein Ophthalamic Strips
- detection of corneal ulcers - intact corneal epithelium has high lipid content, and resists the penetration of fluroescein - a break in the corneal epithelium allows fluorescein to be absorbed, therefore dying the ulcer
41
What types of vaccines are available for Feline Rhinotracheitis?
- modified live parenterally - modified live intranasally - inactivated parenterally
42
What avian diseases are caused by Alphaherpesviruses?
- Infectious Laryngotracheitis | - Marek's Disease
43
Infectious Laryngotracheitis | subfamily, etiology, hosts
- Alphaherpesvirus - Gallid herpesvirus 1 - contagious infection of chickens
44
Transmission of Infectious Laryngotracheitis
- mostly by inhalation - droplets to conjunctiva - possible by ingestion - recovered chickens can become carriers - fomites - mechanical via scavengers
45
Pathogenesis of Infectious Laryngotracheitis
- characterized by necrosis, hemorrhage, ulceration, and formation of diphtheritic membranes - diphtheritic membranes can block trachea, resulting in asphyxia - latency in trigeminal ganglion
46
Clinical Signs of Infectious Laryngotracheitis
- mild coughing, sneezing, nasal/ocular discharge, dsypnea, gasping, depression - head shaking with cough, pump handle respiration, coughing up blood
47
What types of vaccines are available for Infectious Laryngotracheitis
- chick embryo origin: induce better immunity, but can revert to virulence - tissue culture origin: eye drop, does not revert to virulence, limited immunity - a pox-vectored recombinant vaccine
48
Marek's Disease | subfamily, etiology, other names, hosts
- alphaherpesvirus - Gallid herpesvirus 2 - fowl paralysis, range paralysis, polyneuritis - chickens mainly - turkeys, quail, pheasants
49
Transmission of Marek's disease
- highly contagious (reportable) | - inhalation of feather debris, dander, dust
50
What are the 4 pathotypes of Gallid Herpesvirus 2?
- mild: associated with neural MD, preventable with HVT - virulent: high incidence of neural and visceral lymphomas, preventable with HVT - very virulent: high incidence of neural and visceral lymphomas, oncogenic with HVT, preventable with bivalent vaccines - very virulent plus: high incidence of neural and visceral lymphomas, oncogenic with bivalent vaccines
51
Pathogenesis of a fully productive infection of Marek's Disease
- production of enveloped virions and cell death - only in feather follicle epithelium - infected T cells act as Trojan horse for virus to enter follicle epithelium
52
Pathogenesis of a productive-restrictive infection of Marek's Disease
- production of naked virions and viral antigens - cell death due to lysis - occurs in B cells and activated T cells - immunosuppression
53
Pathogenesis of a non-productive infection of Marek's Disease
- viral genome persists in T cells | - no antigens expressed
54
Pathogenesis of a non-productive neoplastic transformation of Marek's Disease
- some latently infected T cells undergo neoplastic transformation - a new antigen, MATSA, appears in transformed T cells
55
Which haplotype chickens are susceptible to Marek's, and which are not?
- B19 susceptible | - B21 resistant
56
Clinical Signs of Marek's Disease
- neurolymphomatosis: enlargement of nerve trunks, edematous grey yellow, lameness, droopy wings, paresis of legs, limberneck - visceral lymphomatosis: lymphoid tumors is various organs - ocular lymphomatosis: graying of iris, abnormal pupil constrict/dilate, blindness - cutaneous lymphomatosis: large nodular lesions on skin, enlarged feather follicles
57
General Features of subfamily Betaherpesvirus
- slow replication - associated with chronic infections - infected cells often enlarged - latent form in secretory glands and lymphoreticular cells - continuous viral excretion
58
Inclusion Body Rhinitis | subfamily, etiology, host
- Betaherpesvirinae - Porcine Herpesvirus 2: Porcine cytomegalovirus - pigs 2-10 weeks old
59
Pathogenesis of Inclusion Body Rhinitis
- widespread petechiae and edema - common in thoracic cavity and SQ tissues - replication in nasal mucosal glands and epithelial cells of upper resp tract - viremia - infected cells are enlarged and possess intranuclear inclusion bodies
60
Clinical Signs of Inclusion Body Rhinitis
- mucopurulent rhinitis with violent sneezing, resp distress, conjunctivitis, shivering, mouth breathing - neonates appear weak, anemic, or stunted - fetal mummification, stillbirths, neonatal deaths - subclinical disease in older animals
61
General Features of Subfamily: Gammaherpesvirinae
- replicate in B or T lymphocytes - slowly cytopathic for epithelial and fibroblastic cells - latency in lymphoid tissue
62
Malignant Catarrhal Fever | subfamily, etiologies, host
- gammaherpesvirinae - alcephaline herpesvirus 1 (wildebeest), ovine herpesvirus 2 (sheep) - highly fatal disease of cattle and some wild ruminants
63
Wildebeest-Associated MCF | distribution and transmission
- African countries - present in nasal and ocular secretions of young wildebeest in cell-free state - ingestion of contaminated pasture - direct or close contact, inhalation, or aerosol - rarely transmitted from adults
64
Sheep-Associated MCF | distribution, transmission
- worldwide - between sheep: respiratory, nasal secretions - sheep to cattle: unknown, by inhalation or ingestion
65
Transmission of MCF viruses in cattle
- cattle are dead-end hosts - no transmission between cattle - have cell-associated virus, no cell-free virus, in secretions
66
Pathogenesis of MCF
- cell-associated viremia - lymphoid proliferation and infiltration - necrotizing vasculitis - CD8 T cells associated with vascular lesions
67
Clinical Signs of MCF in cattle
Peracute: sudden death - high fever, acute gastroenteritis Head and Eye: majority of cattle - reddened eyelids, corneal opacity, crusty muzzle, nasal discharge, salivation - erosions of tongue, hard palate, and buccal papillae - joints, swollen lymph nodes - incoordination, head pressing, nystagmis
68
Necropsy findings of MCF in cattle
- enlarge prescapular lymph node - mucoid exudate over nasal mucosa - zebra striping: severe longitudinal linear congestion of mucosa - multiple pale foci of necrosis and ulcers in omasum - lymphoid infiltration in renal cortex

Virology (15 decks)

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