Heteronormativity

Question 1

Defintion

Answer 1

A world view that promotes heterosexuality as the normal

“Makes heterosexuality not only seem coherent but also privileged” (Berlant and Warner)

Question 2

Biological Determinism assumes…

Answer 2

Heterosexuality is normal and homosexual is abnormal. We have an instinct drive to reproduce because it was evolutionary advantageous to survival (Darwin). Differences between sexes is a naturally occurring result of this. Homosexuality contradicts evolution and is therefore unnatural.

Question 3

Criticisms of biological determinism

Answer 3

• Evidence is not conclusive enough: No ‘gay gene’ has been found and sex similarities are masked
• Most sex is not reproductive (Weeks)
• Arguments are political: used to resist social change and legitimize an unequal and gendered social order
• The fight to survive is no longer as relevant to today’s society due to a reduction in environmental selection pressures. Therefore the need to reproduce is not as necessary.
  eg. Appendix- Originally a vestigial organ used to digest plants,
  Wisdom teeth- Originally a extra molars to help digest our coarse diet

Question 4

Adrienne Rich (1986)

Answer 4

Heterosexuality is a social institution maintained by a series of inducements and punishments
eg. A husband provides financial and material support AND being labelled a ‘slut’ for being sexually independent

Question 5

Gayle Rubin (1984)

Answer 5

Hierarchies of sexual value. People and practices high in the hierarchy are rewarded with a range of benefits, and those low in the hierarchy are punished and vilified