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Question 1

improved sanitation

Answer 1

What changed: The introduction of proper sewerage systems, waste removal, and public toilets.
Impact:
This significantly reduced the spread of diseases like cholera, typhoid, and dysentery, which were common in overcrowded, poorly managed urban areas in the 1800s–early 1900s.

Health outcome: Lower incidence of infectious diseases = reduced mortality, especially in children.

Question 2

quarantine laws

Answer 2

What changed: Quarantine stations and health inspections were used to limit the spread of diseases from overseas. Education campaigns taught people about hygiene.

Impact: Helped control tuberculosis, smallpox, and other serious diseases.
Health outcome: Improved life expectancy and a healthier population.

Question 3

vaccines

Answer 3

Vaccines (as part of the Biomedical Model):
Purpose: To prevent specific infectious diseases by triggering the body’s immune response.
How it fits the biomedical model:
Developed using medical science and biotechnology.
Administered by healthcare professionals.
Focus is on the biological prevention of disease at the individual level.
Example: The measles vaccine helps prevent outbreaks of a dangerous virus —

↓ Incidence of vaccine-preventable diseases

Question 4

antibiotics

Answer 4

Antibiotics (as part of the Biomedical Model):
Purpose: To kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria causing infection.
How it fits the biomedical model:
Used after a person becomes ill — reactive, not preventative.
Focus is on biological treatment of disease.
Doesn’t address the cause of the infection (like poor hygiene or living conditions).

↓ Mortality rates from infections