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HHD notes unit 3 aos 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What has been a major contributor to changes in life expectancy in Australia since 1990?

A

Improvements in child mortality rates

Child mortality rates have significantly improved, contributing to increased life expectancy.

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2
Q

What was the percentage reduction in overall death rates for males in Australia between 1907 and 2022?

A

73% reduction

This reflects a significant improvement in health outcomes over the last century.

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3
Q

What are the five broad categories of diseases affecting health status in Australia?

A
  • Infectious and parasitic diseases
  • Cancers (neoplasms)
  • Cardiovascular diseases
  • Respiratory diseases
  • Injury and poisoning

These categories encompass the major diseases impacting mortality rates.

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4
Q

Which infectious diseases were major causes of death in the early 20th century?

A
  • Tuberculosis
  • Polio
  • Smallpox
  • Hepatitis
  • STIs

These diseases were prevalent due to poor living conditions.

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5
Q

What trend did cancer rates follow throughout the 20th century?

A

Increased until the mid-1980s, then declined

The decline is attributed to reduced smoking rates and improved detection.

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6
Q

What was the peak age-standardised death rate from cancer for males in 2000?

A

340 deaths per 100,000

This statistic highlights the impact of smoking on cancer mortality.

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7
Q

What was a major cause of death from respiratory diseases in 1907?

A

Pneumonia and influenza

These diseases were later replaced by deaths from COPD.

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8
Q

How have death rates from injury and poisoning changed since 1990?

A

More than halved

This reduction is largely due to improvements in road safety.

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9
Q

What significant conditions were addressed by the ‘old’ public health model?

A
  • Clean water
  • Sanitation
  • Improved housing
  • Better nutrition
  • Safe working conditions

These measures were essential in reducing infectious diseases.

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10
Q

What was a key public health initiative related to water quality?

A

Provision of clean drinking water

This led to reductions in diseases like cholera and typhoid.

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11
Q

What did the Pure Foods Act of 1905 aim to improve?

A

Food safety and standards

This act helped reduce foodborne illnesses.

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12
Q

What is the focus of the biomedical approach to health?

A

Diseases and ways of diagnosing, treating, and curing diseases

This approach emphasizes individual care and medical technology.

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13
Q

What are some strengths of the biomedical approach?

A
  • Improves technology and research
  • Effectively treats common problems
  • Extends life expectancy
  • Improves quality of life

These strengths contribute significantly to health outcomes.

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14
Q

What limitation is associated with the biomedical approach?

A

High costs and reliance on technology

This can create accessibility issues for some individuals.

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15
Q

What major medical advancement has contributed to reduced maternal mortality?

A

Discovery of antibiotics

Antibiotics have significantly lowered infection rates during childbirth.

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16
Q

Which health initiative was introduced to control the spread of infectious diseases during an outbreak?

A

Quarantine laws

These laws were crucial during the bubonic plague and COVID-19 outbreaks.

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17
Q

What does the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion pertain to?

A

The social model of health

It emphasizes broader determinants of health beyond just biomedical factors.

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18
Q

Fill in the blank: The biomedical approach focuses on _______.

A

[individuals who are ill]

This highlights the personal aspect of healthcare.

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19
Q

True or False: The biomedical approach encourages individuals to take responsibility for their health.

A

False

The focus is often on treatment rather than prevention.

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20
Q

What is the biomedical approach to health?

A

A method focused on restoring optimal health and wellbeing through medical treatment and technology.

It often overlooks preventive measures and behavior change.

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21
Q

What is a limitation of the biomedical model?

A

Not every condition can be treated effectively.

Some conditions, like certain cancers, have treatments but no cure.

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22
Q

What is the social model of health?

A

An approach that focuses on the physical, sociocultural, and political environments affecting health outcomes.

It emerged in the 1980s in response to the limitations of the biomedical approach.

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23
Q

What is health promotion as defined by the World Health Organization?

A

The process of enabling people to increase control over and improve their health.

It emphasizes prevention over cure.

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24
Q

What are the five action areas of the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion?

A
  • Build healthy public policy
  • Create supportive environments
  • Strengthen community action
  • Develop personal skills
  • Reorient health services

These areas provide a framework for applying the social model of health.

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25
What does 'advocate' mean in the context of health promotion strategies?
Actions that lead to greater support from government or society necessary for health improvement. ## Footnote Examples include media campaigns and lobbying.
26
Fill in the blank: The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion aims to reduce ______ in health.
inequalities
27
What is a strength of the social model of health?
It promotes good health and wellbeing and assists in preventing diseases. ## Footnote It addresses broader determinants of health.
28
What is a limitation of the social model of health?
Not every illness or condition can be prevented. ## Footnote Some conditions, such as genetic disorders, are not preventable.
29
How does the social model of health address vulnerable populations?
It focuses on promoting equity, targeting disadvantaged groups for health promotion programs. ## Footnote Groups include Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples.
30
What is the purpose of the Quit campaign?
To reduce smoking rates through media campaigns and support services. ## Footnote It includes Quitline and state-specific initiatives.
31
What is the Good Sports program aimed at?
Reducing the negative impacts of alcohol misuse in sports clubs. ## Footnote It provides resources and support to shift away from an alcohol-centered culture.
32
What is social justice?
Fairness within society based on principles like human rights, access, participation, and equity. ## Footnote It aims to ensure all individuals have opportunities to thrive.
33
What is the Deadly Choices initiative?
A program encouraging healthy lifestyles among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples. ## Footnote It promotes culturally appropriate healthcare.
34
What considerations are used to evaluate health initiatives for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples?
* Actual improvements to health and wellbeing * Number of participants * Feedback from participants * Cultural appropriateness * Addressing specific needs * Provided funding * Addressing significant health issues ## Footnote These factors help assess the effectiveness of health programs.
35
What are Australian dietary guidelines aimed at?
To achieve and maintain a healthy weight and promote physical activity and nutritious food choices. ## Footnote They guide healthy eating practices for all age groups.
36
Fill in the blank: The social model of health emphasizes a ______ approach to health.
holistic
37
What is sustainability in relation to health programs?
The ability of the program's impacts to continue into the future. ## Footnote Sustainability ensures long-term benefits for all population groups.
38
What are the Australian Dietary Guidelines aimed at?
Achieving and maintaining a healthy weight, promoting physical activity, and encouraging nutritious food choices. ## Footnote These guidelines are applicable to different population groups including children and older adults.
39
What is Guideline 1 of the Australian Dietary Guidelines?
To achieve and maintain a healthy weight, be physically active, and choose nutritious food and drinks to meet energy needs. ## Footnote It emphasizes the importance of growth and development for children and maintaining muscle strength for older adults.
40
List the five food groups recommended in Guideline 2.
* Vegetables, including legumes/beans * Fruit * Grain foods (mostly wholegrain) * Lean meats, poultry, fish, eggs, tofu, nuts, seeds, legumes/beans * Milk, yoghurt, cheese and/or alternatives ## Footnote Drinking plenty of water is also advised.
41
What does Guideline 3 of the Australian Dietary Guidelines suggest?
Limit intake of saturated fat, added salt, added sugars, and alcohol. ## Footnote It provides specific advice on foods to limit and suggests alternatives.
42
What is recommended in Guideline 4?
Encourage, support, and promote breastfeeding. ## Footnote This guideline highlights the importance of breastfeeding for infants.
43
What is the focus of Guideline 5?
Care for your food; prepare and store it safely. ## Footnote Safe food handling practices are essential for health.
44
What are two strengths of the Australian Dietary Guidelines?
* Available for free download * Provide advice for different needs and cultural backgrounds ## Footnote This increases accessibility and relevance for diverse populations.
45
Identify two limitations of the Australian Dietary Guidelines.
* Hard to understand for people with low literacy * Only available in English ## Footnote These factors may hinder effective implementation.
46
What is the Australian Guide to Healthy Eating?
A visual representation of the Australian Dietary Guidelines that promotes healthy eating. ## Footnote It is available in multiple languages to accommodate diverse populations.
47
What are some challenges in bringing about nutritional change?
Factors can be classified as personal, sociocultural, and environmental. ## Footnote Each category includes elements that influence food choices and dietary habits.
48
What personal factors influence food intake?
* Willpower and taste preferences * Attitudes and beliefs * Health and wellbeing factors ## Footnote These factors can create barriers to changing dietary habits.
49
What sociocultural factors affect dietary choices?
* Socioeconomic status * Employment status * Family and peer groups * Commercial factors ## Footnote These elements shape the food environment and choices available to individuals.
50
What are some environmental factors impacting food intake?
* Geographic location * Workplaces * Housing environment * Transport ## Footnote These factors can limit access to healthy food options.
51
What is Medicare?
Australia's universal health insurance scheme established in 1984. ## Footnote It provides access to subsidised healthcare for all Australians and certain residents.
52
How is Medicare funded?
* Medicare levy * Medicare levy surcharge * General taxation ## Footnote These funding sources ensure the sustainability of Medicare.
53
What does Medicare cover in out-of-hospital expenses?
* Consultation fees for doctors and specialists * Tests and examinations like X-rays * Eye tests by optometrists * Most surgical procedures by GPs ## Footnote The coverage is based on schedule fees determined by the government.
54
What is the Medicare Safety Net?
It provides extra financial assistance for those with significant out-of-pocket costs for Medicare services. ## Footnote This support makes healthcare more affordable for families and individuals.
55
What services are not covered by Medicare?
* Most dental examinations and treatments * In-home nursing care * Ambulance services * Most allied health services ## Footnote These exclusions highlight gaps in coverage.
56
What are the advantages of Medicare?
* Choice of doctor for out-of-hospital services * Available to all Australian citizens * Covers necessary medical services * Provides financial support through the Safety Net ## Footnote These advantages enhance access to healthcare.
57
What are some disadvantages of Medicare?
* No choice of doctor for in-hospital treatments * Waiting lists for many treatments * Does not cover alternative therapies ## Footnote These limitations can affect patient satisfaction and care options.
58
What is the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS)?
A scheme that subsidises essential medications for Australians. ## Footnote PBS plays a key role in making medications affordable.
59
What is the National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS)?
A national insurance scheme providing services and support for people with permanent, significant disabilities. ## Footnote NDIS assists individuals and their families in accessing necessary care.
60
What is the NDIS?
A national insurance scheme providing services and support for people with permanent, significant disabilities, and their families and carers.
61
What does PBS stand for?
Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme
62
What is the purpose of the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS)?
To provide essential medication to all Australian citizens at a subsidised rate.
63
When did the PBS first start providing free medicines to pensioners?
1948
64
What is the patient co-payment for most PBS medicines as of 1 January 2018?
$31.60 or $7.70 with a concession card.
65
What are the eligibility requirements for the NDIS?
Must meet age, residency, and disability requirements.
66
What is the age requirement for applying for the NDIS?
Under 65 years old.
67
What are the four disability requirements for NDIS eligibility?
* Permanent impairment * Substantial reduction in ability to participate * Ineffective participation even with assistance * Likely to require support for a lifetime.
68
What types of supports does the NDIS assist participants in accessing?
* Mainstream services * Community services * Informal support arrangements * Funded supports.
69
What does private health insurance cover?
* Hospital treatment * Extras such as dental and physiotherapy.
70
What are the four categories of private health insurance?
* Gold * Silver * Bronze * Basic.
71
What is the private health insurance rebate introduced in 1999?
A 30% rebate on premiums for eligible policyholders.
72
What is the Lifetime Health Cover loading?
An extra 2% on premiums for each year over age 30 when taking up private insurance.
73
What is the Medicare levy surcharge?
An extra tax for high income earners not purchasing private health insurance.
74
What is the age-based discount for private health insurance?
Up to 10% discount for those aged 18-29.
75
What are some advantages of private health insurance?
* Access to private hospital care * Choice of doctor * Shorter waiting times * Coverage for various services.
76
What are some disadvantages of private health insurance?
* High premiums * Potential 'gap' payments * Complex policies.
77
What are the four areas that need to be addressed to ensure the health system meets Australia’s needs?
* Funding * Sustainability * Equity * Access.
78
What does funding of the health system relate to?
Financial resources provided to keep the health system adequately staffed and resourced.
79
What is the role of the NDIS in funding health services?
Provides funding for resources that promote health status, including carers and assistive technology.
80
What is meant by sustainability in the health system?
Capacity to provide workforce and infrastructure into the future.
81
What is the aim of the Indigenous Health Incentive?
To provide financial incentives for culturally appropriate healthcare for Indigenous people.
82
What does an equitable health system ensure?
That those who need more support receive it, targeting disadvantaged individuals and groups.
83
Name one intervention designed to promote equity in the health system.
Public dental health services for vulnerable groups.
84
Fill in the blank: An accessible health system provides timely access to quality health services based on _______.
[needs, not ability to pay]
85
What is the Close the Gap initiative?
A strategy to increase access to culturally appropriate healthcare for Indigenous Australians.

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