HHD YR 12 Flashcards
(103 cards)
1
Q
Health and wellbeing relates to…
A
State of a person’s PEMSS characterised by an equilibrium in which the individual feels happy, healthy, capable and engaged
2
Q
What is illness
A
A subjective concept related to a personal experience of a disease
3
Q
What does subjective h+wb mean
A
How each individual views their health and wellbeing. influenced by or based on personal beliefs feelings or opInions.
e.g. An elderly person may view their health and wellbeing as good if they can live independently and look after themselves.
4
Q
What does dynamic h+wb mean
A
That H+WB is continually changing
e.g. a person moving away from home and losing contact with many friends, but then making new friends
5
Q
What is a disease
A
A physical or mental disturbance involving symptoms, dysfunction or tissue damage.
6
Q
H+wb as a resource individually (11)
A
- sleep well
- exercise
- spend time with friends
- earn an income
- run a household
- work productively
- gain an education
- healthcare savings
- increase leisure time
- live independently
- work towards a purpose in life
7
Q
H+wb as a resource nationally (6)
A
- not rely on social security
- increase social participation
- reduce anxiety in the community
- longer healthier lives
- increased productivity
- higher average income
8
Q
H+wb as a resource globally (5)
A
- reduces risks of transmission of diseases between countries
- promotes peace and stability
- promotes economic development
- promotes social development
- promotes sustainability
9
Q
Explain how illness is dynamic
A
illness is dynamic because it changes constantly as a person experiences disease or injury.
e.g. changes may be rapid and produce obvious changes, such as breaking of a bone, or occur gradually and may be difficult to notice, such as the healing of a broken bone.
10
Q
Explain how illness is subjective
A
Different people may experience diseases and injuries in different ways. This can affect the level of illness experienced.
11
Q
Briefly outline social h+wb
A
The ability to form meaningful and satisfying
relationships with others and the ability to
manage or adapt appropriately to different
social situations.
12
Q
Briefly outline spiritual h+wb
A
It related to ideas, beliefs, values and ethics that
arise in the minds and conscience of human
beings.
13
Q
Briefly outline mental h+wb
A
It is the current state of wellbeing relating to a person’s mind or brain and the ability to think and
process information.
14
Q
Briefly outline emotional h+wb
A
It is the positive management and expression of emotional
actions and reactions which makes them emotionally secure and relaxed in everyday life.
15
Q
Briefly outline physical h+wb
A
Relates to the functioning of the body and its systems; it includes the physical capacity to perform daily activities or tasks
16
Q
What is optimal h+wb
A
An individual or group must be able to identify and to realise goals, to satisfy needs, and to change or cope with the environment.
Health (and wellbeing) is, therefore, seen as a resource for everyday life, not the objective of living
17
Q
Why is h+wb considered a resource
A
As a resource, optimal health and wellbeing
can provide benefits for individuals, countries and the world.
18
Q
What is a resource
A
Assets that can be drawn on by a person or organisation in order to function effectively.
19
Q
What is incidence
A
The number of new cases of a disease in a given time frame
20
Q
What is prevalence
A
The number of current active cases of a disease in a given period
e.g. there were approximately 300 active covid cases in 2022
21
Q
What is morbidity
A
Ill health in an individual and the levels of ill health in a population or group
22
Q
What is mortality
A
Relating to death
23
Q
What is burden of disease
A
A measure of the impact of diseases and injuries, specifically the gap between current health status and an ideal situation where everyone lives to an old age free of disease and disability. measured in DALY
24
Q
What is DALY
A
Disability adjusted life years. it is a measure of burden of disease, one DALY is equal to one year of healthy life lost due to illness or death. Calculated using years of life lost + years lived with a disability= DALY
25
What is YLL
Year of life lost due to premature death. an individual who has died early. life expectancy - age of death = YLL.
26
What is YLD
Years lived with a disability. a measure of how many healthy years of life lost due to disease illness or disability.
27
What is life expectancy
An indication of how long a person can expect to live. Number of years of life a person can expect to live of death rates don't change
28
What is HALE
The average length of time an individual at a specific age can expect to live in full health; that is, time lived without the health consequences of disease or injury.
29
What is maternal mortality
The death of a mother during pregnancy, childbirth or within six weeks of delivery
30
What is infant mortality
The death of a child under 1
31
What is under 5 mortality
The death of a child who is under 5 yrs
32
What is self assessed health status
An individual’s own opinion about how they feel about their health, their state of mind and their life in general
33
List some health status indicators
- self assessed
- mortality
- morbidity
- maternal mortality
- prevalence
- incidence
- DALY
- life expectancy
- HALE
- infant mortality
- under 5 mortality rates
34
What are the characteristics of emotional h+wb (4)
-experience high levels of resilience
- recognise and understand emotional actions and reactions
-effectively express and manage emotions
- experience appropriate emotions in given scenarios
35
What are the characteristics of social h+wb (5)
- effective communication
- supportive network of friends
- productive relationships
- supportive and well functioning family
- ability to manage or adapt to different social situations
36
What are the characteristics of spiritual h+wb (5)
- peace and harmony
- a sense of belonging and connection to the world
- developed personal values and beliefs
- acting according to values and belief
- positive meaning and purpose in life
37
What are the characteristics of physical h+wb (7)
- healthy body weight
- optimal blood pressure
- adequate energy levels
- absence of illness disease or injury
- physical capacity to perform daily tasks
- appropriate levels of fitness
38
What are the characteristics of mental h+wb (6)
- low levels of stress and anxiety
- high confidence
- optimal self esteem
- positive thought patterns
- ability to think and process information
- use logic and reasoning to form opinions and make decisions
39
Distinguish between illness and disease
Disease is a physical or mental disturbance involving symptoms, dysfunction or tissue damage, whereas illness is a more subjective concept related to personal experience of a disease.
40
How can having low calcium impact health status?
Low calcium causes increase in the risk of osteoporosis resulting in more injures e.g. breaking a bone which increases incidence of injuries
41
What are the biological factors (7)
- Genetics
- Birth weight
- Body weight
- Age
- Blood pressure
- Blood cholesterol
- Glucose regulation
42
What is meant by biological factors
Factors which relate to the body that impact h+wb, such as genetics, body weight, blood pressure, cholesterol levels and birth weight
43
What are the sociocultural factors (9)
- Socioeconomic status
- Employment status
- Social networks and inclusion
- Social isolation
- Cultural background
- Food security
- Early life experiences
- Access to healthcare
- Commercial factors
44
What are the environmental factors (4)
- Work environment
- Housing
- Urban design and infrastructure
- Climate and climate change
45
What's meant by environmental factors
the physical surroundings in which we live, work and play. Environmental factors include workplaces, housing, roads and geographical access to resources such as health care.
46
What are the factors which socio-economic status is based on (3)
1. Education
2. Occupation
3. Income
47
What's meant by sociocultural factors
Social + cultural conditions where people are born, grow, live, work and age. The conditions include SES, social networks, family and cultural background, food security, early life experiences, and access to affordable, culturally appropriate health care.
48
How does smoking and vaping contribute to variations in health status
49
What is smoking
A practise in which a substance is burned and the resulting smoke is inhaled
50
What is vaping
A battery powered device that uses an element to turn a liquid into an aerosol which is then inhaled
51
What is the low birth weight
A baby born below 2.5kgs
52
What are the old public health policies (8)
- improved water and sanitation
- better quality housing and fewer slums
-better quality food and nutrition
- introduction of quarantine laws
- safer working conditions
- more hygienic birthing practises
- provision of antennal and infant welfare services
- mass immunisation programs
53
What are the categories of diseases (5)
- Infectious and parasitic diseases
- cancers (neoplasms)
- cardiovascular disease
- respiratory diseases
- injury and poisoning
54
What are the four incentives for taking out private health insurance
- Medical levy rebates
- Age based discounts
- Lifetime health cover
- Income (means) test
55
What does subsidised mean
Having part of of the cost paid
56
What are the advantages to medicare
- Available to all Australian citizens
- Covers tests and examinations, doctors and specialists fees
- Agreements with other countries allows Australians to receive free treatment in some countries
57
What are the disadvantages to medicare
- No choice of doctor for in hospital treatments
- Waiting lists for many treatments
- Doesn't cover alternative therapies
58
How is medicare funded (3)
- Medicare Levy
- Medicare levy surcharge
- General taxes
59
Explain the medicare levy
Its an additional 2% tax placed on the taxable income of most taxpayers
60
Explain the medicare levy surcharge
Individuals without private health insurance who earn more than $97,000 a year have to pay an extra 1% tax
61
Explain general taxes
Income collected through general taxes makes up the short fall in medical spending
62
What is medicare
Its Australian universal health insurance scheme
63
What does medicare cover
- Consultation fees
- Most surgical and other therapeutic procedures
- Specialists tests and examinations needed to treat illnesses
- X-rays, blood tests, eye tests
- In hospital expenses as a public patient
64
What doesn't medicare cover
- Cosmetic procedurs
- Private hospital care costs
- Dental examinations and treatments
- Ambulance services
- Glasses, contact lenses
65
What is the pharmaceutical benefit scheme
Its a list of approved essential, life saving, disease preventing medicines whose costs are subsidized but the federal government
66
Who is the PBS available to
To all Australian citizens
67
What is the PBS safety net
When individuals or their families have spent $1647.90 in a year on PBS listed medicine, the patient only pays a concessional co-pay of $7.70, rather than $31.30
68
What is the NDIS
The national disability insurance scheme, which is a government initiative that provides support and funding to people with permanent and significant disabilities
69
What are the services NDIS provides to participants (4)
- Access mainstream services and supports
- Access community services and support
- Maintain informal support arrangements
- Receive reasonable and necessary funded supports
70
Who is eligible to access the NDIS
- Individuals aged between 9-65
- An Australian citizen
- Have a permanent and significant disability
71
Through NDIS assisting participants in accessing mainstream services and supports how does it improve health outcome
Through providing of services to education systems, public housing and the justice and aged care system the NDIS allows for the improvements of social health and wellbeing as individuals are provided with opportunities to build effective relationships with individuals they have met through the mainstream services provided to them.
72
What is private health insurance
A type of insurance under which members pay a premium in return for payment towards health related costs
73
What are the advantages to PHI
- Patients get their choice of doctor
- Can have their own room
- Alleviates some stress from the public health system
74
What are the disadvantages to PHI
- Costly
- Sometimes has a gap which is paid by the individual
- Qualifying periods apply
- Policies are complex
75
What are the incentives to PHI
- Income (means test)
- Medicare levy surcharge
- Lifetime health cover
- Age based discount
76
Describe the Income (means test)
The government pays a portion of the health insurance costs back to the policy holder.
77
Describe the lifetime health cover
Individuals who have PHI after 31 pay an extra 2% on their premiums for every year above 30
78
Describe the medicare levy surcharge
Individuals earning more than $97,001 a year pay an extra tax if they don't have private health insurance
79
Describe the age based discount
Some insurers have the option of offering young people (18-29) a discount of up to 10% for hospital cover
80
What are some initiatives to promote health eating
- Australian dietary guidelines
- Australian guide to healthy eating
- Aboriginal and Torres strait islander guide to healthy eating
81
What are the Australian dietary guidelines (5)
1- To achieve and maintain a health weight, be physically active and choose amounts of nutritious food and drinks to meet your energy needs
2- Enjoy a variety of nutritious foods from the five groups every day and drink plenty of water
3- Limit intake of foods containing saturated fat, added salt, added sugars and alcohol
4- Encourage, support and promote breastfeeding.
5- Care for your food; prepare and store it safely
82
What is the Australian guide to healthy eating
It is a food selection tool thats intended to be used by consumers to assist them in planning, selecting and consuming adequate proportions of foods from the five food groups.
83
What are the food groups in the Australian guide to healthy eating
- Grain foods
- Vegetables and legumes/beans
- Meats and meat alternatives
- Fruit
- Milk and other diary products or alternatives
84
What are the strengths of food selection models
- The Australian guide to healthy eating is translated into 10 langauges
- The guide applies to people of all ages
- Provides a visual representation of Australian guidelines 2 and 3
- They are based on the latest scientific research, which can assist in their effectiveness
- A range of foods are included from different cultures
85
What are the limitations of food selection models
- Shows the proportion in which the food groups should be consumed but don't provide info on serving sizes or numbers
- Doesn't show provisions for composite foods such as pizza or a casserole
- Don't provide specific advice for people with dietary conditions or needs
86
What are some factors which provide a range of challenges in bring about nutritional change
- Commercial factors (marketing strategies, labelling)
- Sociocultural factors (SES)
- Environmental factors (geographic location, workplaces, housing environment)
87
What is the sustainability of the Australian health system
Sustainability is the health system’s capacity to keep generating and efficiently using the financial and human resources needed to maintain high-quality care over time.
88
How is sustainability in the health system through medicare
Through determining which services will be subsidised through medicare can preserve funds for the most necessary services
89
How is sustainability in the health system through the PBS
Constantly reviewing the medicines available through he PBS means those that will have the greatest benefits are prioritised
90
How is sustainability in the health system through the NDIS
Each participant in the NDIS recieves an individualised plan, meaning only necessary funds are spent on each person
91
How is sustainability in the health system through PHI
Incentives such as lifetime health cover, and the age based discount assist in maximising the funding gained through the private system. More people being treated though the private health system reduces strain on the public health system.
92
What're the strengths to the Australian dietary guidelines
- Are available for free download online
- Provide advice for individuals
- Available in an accessible format
- The umber of serves and what constitutes a serve are included
- If people follow the guidelines, energy dense food intake will decrease, can help reduce obesity
93
What're the limitations to the Australian dietary guidelines
- Are written and may be hard to follow for people with low literacy levels
- Only available in English
- Based on the requirements of the average person, serving sizes are not appropriate for all people
94
What are some dietary risks to aboriginals health status and burden of disease
Risks such as over consumption of discretionary foods and under consumptions of core food groups resulted in increased morbidity rates in aboriginal and Torres Strait islander populations which causes a higher YLD causing risks to their burden of disease
95
How does medicare promote health outcomes in Australia for aboriginal and Torres Strait islanders
Through increased accessibility to Australians and aboriginal and Torres Strait islander patients through subsidised doctor consultations and health services, promotion of health outcomes is achieved through decreasing rates of morbidity as individuals are treated and diagnosed at a subsidised cost under medicare.
96
How does the PBS promote health outcomes in Australia for aboriginal and Torres Strait islanders
The PBS provides access to life saving medications at a subsidised cost, which improve the rates of access and limits the experience of a disease which thereby improves HALE of aboriginals and Torres Strait islanders
97
How does the NDIS promote health outcomes in Australia for aboriginal and Torres Strait islanders
The NDIS through providing of services and support to aboriginal individuals with permanent, significant disabilities, aims to help them live an ordinary life which helps promote their social h+wb as their exposed to social situations and given opportunities to have effective communication and make productive relationships with others.
98
What's the importance of consuming a diet consistent with the Australian dietary guidelines and the aboriginal and Torres Strait islander guide to healthy eating
The ADGL and the ABDGL provide individuals with nutrient rich food options and the proportion to which an individual should consume these foods which helps prevent dietary related diseases such as obesity and diabetes due to over consumption of high saturated fats and sugar. Its also important to eat a balanced and nutritious diet consistent with the the aboriginal and Torres Strait islander guide as it incorporates easily accessible food options such as kangaroo meat and fish which fosters cultural beliefs and values
99
What are some environmental characteristics of high income countries (5)
- Access to safe water and sanitation
- Food security
- Adequate housing
- Adequate infrastructure
- High levels of carbon dioxide emissions
100
What are some social characteristics of high income countries (8)
- High levels of gender equality
- Low birth rates and population growth
- High levels of employment
- High levels of education
- Developed social security systems
- Developed health systems
- Access to technology
- Developed legal systems
101
What are some economic characteristics of high income countries (4)
- Low levels of poverty
- Wide range of industries
- Opportunities for global trade
- High average incomes
102
What are some characteristics of low income countries
- High birth rates
- Low average incomes
- Low levels of gender equality
- Don't have a developed education system
- Lack access to suitable health care
- Unstable government and political unrest
103
