HHRI Flashcards
(25 cards)
Why do some governments and IGOs support the establishment of democratic institutions?
36 out of 57 countries that became democracies between 1980-1995 received aid from USA.
Between 1996-2000, USA provides $18 million in aid for Guatemala - used to train government officers/rebuild justice system/develop anti corruption measures/increase size of electorate -> became a democracy.
How can the introduction of democracies not be supported?
Can be criticised as they may need to give the supporting country something back (illegal).
Why do some governments measure success through economic growth rather than holistic development or human rights?
China’s GDP increased by 4.5 times and became the top economic nation in the world due to trade.
SEZs = poor human rights.
However they have drastically reduced poverty rates.
Why is development aid often seen as an extension of superpowers’ foreign policy?
Creating alliances or part of trade deals. China gives aid to Africa, in return they receive access to raw materials and vote the same way as China to show their support.
What does Bolivia focus on to develop?
Social development:
-Emphasis on reducing inequality.
-Low GDP leads increasing development.
What development does Sharia law focus on?
Religion-based development:
-Recognises wider aspects.
-It suggests that people should seek higher quality of life, not material things.
-Sees happiness as more fulfilling than possessions and money.
How many learners in South Africa graduate?
In South Africa, of 100 learners that start school, 50-60 complete all school years, 40-50 successfully graduate. Only 14 will go to uni.
How is disability a barrier to education?
-2010 equality act protects the right to education.
-90% of students with SEN attend mainstream schools.
-Globally, 7% of children with SEN (aged 10-17) have never been to school.
How is gender a barrier to education?
-54% of non-schooled population are girls.
-Religious/cultural reasons in the Middle-East and North Africa means that girls are less valued at primary schools (93% boys, 87% girls).
-In South Asia, girls get more schooling than boys, 94% girls, 92% boys.
-In Afghanistan, women are banned from higher education (including teachers).
What is UNESCO’s role in inequality in education?
Provides leadership in education by strengthening the education systems and faces gender inequality challenges in education.
It’s important for development as it stands up for freedom of expression as a key condition for democracy/development.
What are determinant factors in Australia affecting health/life expectancy?
44% of Aborginal and Torres straight islander people age 15+ describe themselves as a smoker (42% daily). This lowers life expectancy of Australia as more people likely to die of lung cancer. 10 year life expectancy gap between non-aboriginal.
How do you assess the impact of the Covid pandemic on a population?
10 researchers from the UK, USA, and Europe have studied the mortality impacts of the pandemic in India by sex, social group and age. They found that life expectancy at birth in India was 2.6 years lower and mortality was 17% higher in 2020, compared to 2019.
Females experienced a life expectancy decline of 1 year greater than males. Research shows Indian households spend less on healthcare for females. Marginalised social groups in India saw larger declines in life expectancy than upper caste people.
What is the European Convention of Human Rights?
It’s a treaty to protect human rights, all member states include this within their national laws so any HR case can be heard within the home country first, before the European court.
It includes, the right to life, prohibition of slavery/torture, the right to a fair trial and freedom of expression.
What is the Universal Declaration of Rights of Human Rights?
Aimed to provide a common understanding of the right that all humans should be entitled to.
48 nations agreed to it.
Soviet Union, Saudi Arabia, South Africa did not agree to it.
What are the UK’s objection to ECHR and Human Rights act (UK HR law)?
It threatens British Sovreignty and self-determination.
The abolition of the power of the European court of HR over British courts could ultimately erode HR in Britain.
Who abstained the UDHR?
Some communists as it did not go far enough - needs to explicitly condemn fascism and Nazism.
South Africa abstained as it knew USA would use it to condemn South African practices of racial discrimination.
Saudi Arabia said that it violated Sharia Law.
What are the criticisms of UDHR?
The American anthropological association warned that the document would be defining universal rights from a Western view which would be unfair to countries outside of that scope.
They argued that the West’s history of colonialism and evangelism made them a problematic moral representative. for the rest of the world.
What are the HR violations in North Korea?
Execution of dissidents, arrest of foreigners, no freedom of speech, food shortages.
Is North Korea pro-economic development?
No as their GDP is low.
What type of government is North Korea?
Totalitarian.
What are the HR violations in South Korea?
Confrontations of police and protesters.
Is South Korea pro-economic development?
Yes it ranks highly in education, healthcare and ease of doing business.
What type if government is South Korea?
Capitalism.
Why are North and South Korea so different?
As the north was occupied by Soviets and the south by North America.
