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Question 1

public issues

Answer 1

Problems we face as a consequence of the positions we occupy within the larger social structure

Question 2

causal logic

Answer 2

Relationship between variables exists such that change in one leads to change in the other

Question 3

Sociology is the study of

Answer 3

the social behavior, social problems, structure, development, and functioning of human society.

Question 4

sociological imagination

Answer 4

the ability to see the link between society and self

Question 5

private issues

Answer 5

Problems arising from our immediate relationships with particular individuals or as a result of our individual actions.

Question 6

US wealth distribution

Answer 6

the way in which the wealth and income of a nation are divided among its population,

Question 7

scientific method

Answer 7

Systematic, organized series of steps that ensures maximum objectivity and consistency in researching a problem

Question 8

hypothesis

Answer 8

Testable statement about the relationship between two or more variables

Question 9

variables

Answer 9

Measurable trait or characteristic that is subject to change under different conditions

Question 10

independent variable

Answer 10

Variable in a causal relationship that causes or influences a change in a second variable

Question 11

dependent variable

Answer 11

Variable in a causal relationship that is subject to the influence of another variable

Question 12

random sample

Answer 12

sample for which every member of an entire population has the same chance of being selected

Question 13

validity

Answer 13

actually measuring exactly what you intend to measure

Question 14

qualitative research

Answer 14

Relies on what is seen in field or naturalistic settings more than on statistical data

Question 15

quantitative research

Answer 15

Collects and reports data primarily in numerical form and deals with statistics.

Question 16

ethnography

Answer 16

Study of anentire social setting through extended systematic observation

Question 17

mean

Answer 17

(average) Calculated by adding series of values and dividing by number of values

Question 18

mode

Answer 18

Most common value in series

Question 19

median

Answer 19

Midpoint, number that divides series of values into two groups of equal values

Question 20

Hawthrone Effect

Answer 20

Unintended influence observers of experiments can have on their subjects

Question 21

Standpoint Theory

Answer 21

an individual’s own perspectives are shaped by his or her social and political experiences.

Question 22

Cultural Universities

Answer 22

Common practices and beliefs shared by almost all societies

Question 23

Sociobiology

Answer 23

Systematic study of how biology affects human social behavior

Question 24

material culture

Answer 24

clothes, food, tools

Question 25

cultural lag

Answer 25

Period of adjustment when nonmaterial culture is struggling to adapt to new conditions of the material culture (technology)

Question 26

language

Answer 26

System of shared symbols; includes speech, written characters, numerals, symbols, and nonverbal gestures and communication

Question 27

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

Answer 27

The structure and vocabulary of the language someone uses shapes his or her perception of reality and therefore his or her thoughts and actions

Question 28

nonverbal communication

Answer 28

Use of gestures, facial expressions, and other visual images to communicate

Question 29

values

Answer 29

Collective conceptions of what is good, desirable, and proper—or bad, undesirable, and improper—in a culture

Question 30

mores

Answer 30

Norms deemed highly necessary to the welfare of a society

Question 31

laws

Answer 31

Formal norms enforced by the state

Question 32

folkways

Answer 32

Norms governing everyday behavior - fashion, shaking hands

Question 33

sanctions

Answer 33

a threatened penalty for disobeying a law or rule

Question 34

dominant ideology

Answer 34

set of cultural beliefs and practices that help to maintain powerful social, economic, and political interests

Question 35

enthrocentrism

Answer 35

Tendency to assume that one’s own culture and way of life represent the norm or are superior to all others

Question 36

cultural relativism

Answer 36

Viewing people’s behavior from the perspective of their own culture (recognizes perspective)

Question 37

cultural capital

Answer 37

the ideas and knowledge that people draw upon as they participate in social life. Everything from rules of etiquette to being able to speak and write effectively can be considered cultural capital.

Question 38

social capital

Answer 38

the network of social connections that exist between people, and their shared values and norms of behavior, which enable and encourage mutually advantageous social cooperation

Question 39

social construction

Answer 39

the process by which a concept or practice is created and maintained by participants who collectively agree that it exists

Question 40

nationalism

Answer 40

Loyalty and devotion to a particular nationality

Question 41

collective effervescent

Answer 41

the passion or energy that arises when groups of people share the same thoughts and emotions.

Question 42

the Mathew effect

Answer 42

the rich get richer and the poor get poorer

Question 43

social interaction

Answer 43

A reciprocal exchange in which two or more people read, react, and respond to each other
Self and Society

Question 44

statuses

Answer 44

culturally and socially defined positions

Question 45

ascribed status

Answer 45

Social position assigned to a person by society without regard for the person’s unique talents or behavior.

Question 46

achieved status

Answer 46

Social position that you attain by doing something

Question 47

master status

Answer 47

Status that dominates others and thereby we gravitate toward

Question 48

social roles

Answer 48

Set of expectations for people who occupy a given social position or status

Question 49

role conflict

Answer 49

Situation that occurs when incompatible expectations arise from two or more social statuses held by the same person

Question 50

role strain

Answer 50

Difficulty that arises when a single social status imposes conflicting demands and expectations

Question 51

social institutions

Answer 51

Integrated and persistent social networks dedicated to meeting society’s core needs

Question 52

bureaucracy

Answer 52

a system of government in which most of the important decisions are made by state officials rather than by elected representatives.

Question 53

McDonalidzation

Answer 53

Process by which the principles of efficiency, calculability, predictability, and control shape organization and decision making in the U.S. and around the world.