hi Flashcards

(53 cards)

1
Q

public issues

A

Problems we face as a consequence of the positions we occupy within the larger social structure

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2
Q

causal logic

A

Relationship between variables exists such that change in one leads to change in the other

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3
Q

Sociology is the study of

A

the social behavior, social problems, structure, development, and functioning of human society.

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4
Q

sociological imagination

A

the ability to see the link between society and self

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5
Q

private issues

A

Problems arising from our immediate relationships with particular individuals or as a result of our individual actions.

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6
Q

US wealth distribution

A

the way in which the wealth and income of a nation are divided among its population,

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7
Q

scientific method

A

Systematic, organized series of steps that ensures maximum objectivity and consistency in researching a problem

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8
Q

hypothesis

A

Testable statement about the relationship between two or more variables

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9
Q

variables

A

Measurable trait or characteristic that is subject to change under different conditions

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10
Q

independent variable

A

Variable in a causal relationship that causes or influences a change in a second variable

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11
Q

dependent variable

A

Variable in a causal relationship that is subject to the influence of another variable

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12
Q

random sample

A

sample for which every member of an entire population has the same chance of being selected

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13
Q

validity

A

actually measuring exactly what you intend to measure

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14
Q

qualitative research

A

Relies on what is seen in field or naturalistic settings more than on statistical data

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15
Q

quantitative research

A

Collects and reports data primarily in numerical form and deals with statistics.

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16
Q

ethnography

A

Study of anentire social setting through extended systematic observation

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17
Q

mean

A

(average) Calculated by adding series of values and dividing by number of values

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18
Q

mode

A

Most common value in series

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19
Q

median

A

Midpoint, number that divides series of values into two groups of equal values

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20
Q

Hawthrone Effect

A

Unintended influence observers of experiments can have on their subjects

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21
Q

Standpoint Theory

A

an individual’s own perspectives are shaped by his or her social and political experiences.

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22
Q

Cultural Universities

A

Common practices and beliefs shared by almost all societies

23
Q

Sociobiology

A

Systematic study of how biology affects human social behavior

24
Q

material culture

A

clothes, food, tools

25
cultural lag
Period of adjustment when nonmaterial culture is struggling to adapt to new conditions of the material culture (technology)
26
language
System of shared symbols; includes speech, written characters, numerals, symbols, and nonverbal gestures and communication
27
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
The structure and vocabulary of the language someone uses shapes his or her perception of reality and therefore his or her thoughts and actions
28
nonverbal communication
Use of gestures, facial expressions, and other visual images to communicate
29
values
Collective conceptions of what is good, desirable, and proper—or bad, undesirable, and improper—in a culture
30
mores
Norms deemed highly necessary to the welfare of a society
31
laws
Formal norms enforced by the state
32
folkways
Norms governing everyday behavior - fashion, shaking hands
33
sanctions
a threatened penalty for disobeying a law or rule
34
dominant ideology
set of cultural beliefs and practices that help to maintain powerful social, economic, and political interests
35
enthrocentrism
Tendency to assume that one's own culture and way of life represent the norm or are superior to all others
36
cultural relativism
Viewing people's behavior from the perspective of their own culture (recognizes perspective)
37
cultural capital
the ideas and knowledge that people draw upon as they participate in social life. Everything from rules of etiquette to being able to speak and write effectively can be considered cultural capital.
38
social capital
the network of social connections that exist between people, and their shared values and norms of behavior, which enable and encourage mutually advantageous social cooperation
39
social construction
the process by which a concept or practice is created and maintained by participants who collectively agree that it exists
40
nationalism
Loyalty and devotion to a particular nationality
41
collective effervescent
the passion or energy that arises when groups of people share the same thoughts and emotions.
42
the Mathew effect
the rich get richer and the poor get poorer
43
social interaction
A reciprocal exchange in which two or more people read, react, and respond to each other Self and Society
44
statuses
culturally and socially defined positions
45
ascribed status
Social position assigned to a person by society without regard for the person's unique talents or behavior.
46
achieved status
Social position that you attain by doing something
47
master status
Status that dominates others and thereby we gravitate toward
48
social roles
Set of expectations for people who occupy a given social position or status
49
role conflict
Situation that occurs when incompatible expectations arise from two or more social statuses held by the same person
50
role strain
Difficulty that arises when a single social status imposes conflicting demands and expectations
51
social institutions
Integrated and persistent social networks dedicated to meeting society's core needs
52
bureaucracy
a system of government in which most of the important decisions are made by state officials rather than by elected representatives.
53
McDonalidzation
Process by which the principles of efficiency, calculability, predictability, and control shape organization and decision making in the U.S. and around the world.