High prio Flashcards
(91 cards)
1
Q
What are the four components of Architecture?
A
- Architect (interaction between actors and audience)
- Architecture (results and effects)
- Architecture methods (how to design and build)
- Environment (context, where to build, who/ how/ when to use)
2
Q
What are the three key operations of data architecture?
A
- Data acquisition
- Data analysis / processing
- Data delivery
3
Q
What are some social impacts of IT (3)?
A
- Climate change
- Health care
- Home / travel
4
Q
What is the most popular conceptual model?
A
ER diagram which describes entities their relationships to other entities and their attributes.
5
Q
What is a process model?
A
A process model consists of a starting node (event) and an ending node with other events and activities arranged between these nodes. A process can contain objects like events, activities and other processes, relationships between the nodes.
6
Q
Name three concept modelling methods.
A
- ER (Entity Relation model)
- DFD (Data flow diagram)
- OM (Objectives model)
7
Q
What is an Information system of an enterprise?
A
A collection of activities that regulate the sharing and distribution of information and the storage of data that are relevant to the management of the enterprise.
8
Q
What is the typical breakdown of an information system’s lifecycle (7 steps)?
A
- Feasibility study.
- Requirement collection and analysis.
- Design.
- Prototyping. -> back to 2
- Implementation.
- Validation and testing.
- Operation.
9
Q
Why can conceptual modelling not be helped by automatic tools?
A
Because the designers have the full responsibility for the process of understanding and transforming requirements into conceptual schemas.
10
Q
What is the difference between a conceptual model and a logical model?
A
Conceptual models are tools for representing reality at a high level of abstraction and are used in database design. Logical models support data description that can be processed by a computer and are supported by DBMS.
11
Q
What models are included in logical models?
A
- Hierarchical models
- Network models
- Relational models
12
Q
What are the four qualities of conceptual models?
A
- Expressiveness. (Ability to express concepts and properties)
- Simplicity. (Easy to understand)
- Minimality. (Each concept must distinctly represent a meaning)
- Formality. (All concepts have a well-defined interpretation)
13
Q
What are the basic concepts provided by the ER model?
A
- Entities (Classes of real-world objects) (rectangle)
- Relationships (aggregation of two or more entities) (diamond)
- Attributes (properties of entities or relationships)
14
Q
What is the term for a relationship that connects more than two entities?
A
N-ary relationship
15
Q
What is the term for inheritance in ER and how can it be represented?
A
Generalization: student -> person. Student IS-A person
16
Q
ER. What are identifiers?
A
A collection of attributes that uniquely determine an entity. For example, a table has several legs and a flat surface.
17
Q
ER. What is a composite attribute?
A
A composite attribute is an attribute that can be further divided into smaller sub-parts, each with its own meaning. An address can be divided into street name, city and post code.
18
Q
What is a process?
A
A sequence of activities or a series of states
19
Q
What is a workflow and what is it used for?
A
The definition, execution, and automation of business processes where tasks, information or documents are passed from one participant to another for action. They are used by organizations to coordinate tasks between people and to synchronize data between systems.
20
Q
What four key benefits can a digital workflow provide to a company?
A
- Improved productivity
- Process transparency
- Faster business reaction time
- Improved accountability
21
Q
What are the main elements that state diagram depicts and how are they represented(4)?
A
- Beginning: Dark circle
- States: rectangles with rounded corners
- Transitions: Arrows between states
- End: Dark circle with border
22
Q
What is a DFD (data flow diagram) used for?
A
Mapping out the flow of information for any process or system. They can be used to analyse existing systems or to model new ones. They can describe things that would be difficult to explain in words.
23
Q
What is functional analysis?
A
A function is a portion of the enterprise. Functional analysis is the modelling of working activities within the enterprise. It concentrates on understanding how it is used and exchanged by the functions. It is the first step to specification and design of applications that operate on the database.
24
Q
What is the result of functional analysis?
A
A functional schema which contains a representation of activities, information flows and other features. A DFD is a functional schema.
25
What four concepts are supported by DFD?
1. Process: an activity that can generate, use, manipulate and destroy information
2. Dataflow: exchange of information.
3. Data store: repository of data
4. Interface / user: external user
26
What does an OM describe?
The reasons and motivations for developing an information system.
27
What are the connections in an objectives model(3)?
1. A goal / problem leads to another goal.
2. A problem hinders the achievement of another goal.
3. A problem can be solved through an opportunity.
28
Why is it important to know the users’ perspectives (in relation to OM)?
Because we need to know the user requirements (goals, problems, opportunities, solutions) which allows us to know what is required to be done and whether the requirements are being reached.
29
How can you define Enterprise Architecture?
A coherent whole of principles, methods and models that are used in the design and realization of an enterprise organizational structure, business processes, information systems and infrastructure.
30
Who are the stakeholders?
An individual team or organisation with interest in or concerns relative to a system. Stakeholders have a direct or indirect influence on a systems requirement.
31
What are the four steps of an enterprise architecture process?
Design, Management, Use, Idea
32
What does the product of Enterprise Architecture provide?
It guides managers in designing business processes and system developers in building applications that align with business objectives and policies.
33
What are some internal drivers of enterprise architecture(3)?
1. The company’s culture (formed by its people and leadership)
2. Architecture guides an organisation through a planned course of development
3. Enterprise Architecture provides an understanding of the enterprise’s interconnections with the outside world (customers, suppliers, partners)
34
What is the BSC?
BSC stands for balanced scorecard and it helps an enterprise to clarify and implement its vision and strategy.
35
What are the three layers which should be considered for each perspective (BSC)?
1. Mission
2. Objectives
3. Measures
36
What are the 9 parts of the BMC?
1. Key partners (that the business cooperates with to bring value to its customers)
2. Value proposition (What products and services the company provides to its customers)
3. Customer segment (Customer groups)
4. Cost structure (financial view of the means)
5. Revenue streams (income)
6. Key activities (how to provide value proposition)
7. Key resources (resources needed for key activities)
8. Customer relationships (type of links to customers)
9. Channels (communication channels to customers)
37
Why is it important to create different views for architecture models?
As different stakeholders have different viewpoints based on their concerns and are only interested in the parts of the architecture the deem relevant not the entire architecture.
38
What are the three types of participants in web service architecture (triangle)?
1. Service providers (create web services)
2. Service brokers (registry of published services)
3. Service requestor (user)
39
What does SOAP stand for and what is it used for?
Simple object access protocol. It is used for communications between services and provides message support for many web service standards. It uses get and post across http. It consists of a header and body.
40
What does WSDL stand for and what is it used for?
Web service description language. It is used for defining transactions. It describes the operations that a web service can perform, message formats it can process, protocols it can support.
41
What does UDDI stand for and what is it used for?
Universal discovery description and integration. It is basically a lookup directory for web services and service providers.
42
What are the requirements of SOA(4)?
1. Loose coupling (no tight transactional properties among the components)
2. Implementation neutrality (it is the interface that matters)
3. Flexible configurability (the configuration can change dynamically)
4. Granularity (capturing high level qualities instead of modelling interactions at a detailed level)
43
In SWS what is ontology(3)?
A common ontology provides the basis for conceptual representations of objects which aids in conceptual communication.
An ontology is a kind of knowledge representation describing a conceptualisation of concepts / objects of a domain.
44
What are the five components of SWS ontology?
1. Concepts
2. Properties and relations
3. Attributes and associations
4. Axioms and rules
5. Nominals and individuals
45
In the owl language what are the constructs(4)?
1. Class (Thing, Nothing)
2. Object Properties
3. Data properties
4. Individual
46
Why can’t conceptual modelling be automated?
The conceptual modelling process involves understanding and transforming requirements into conceptual schemas. Machines cannot yet understand things in a way a person does so the full responsibility of the modelling process falls on the designer.
47
Why is the architect the organisations technology strategist?
Because the architect works closely with stakeholders to build a holistic view of the organization’s strategies, processes, information, and IT assets. They also ensure that technology strategies support business needs. They give context to the business’s technology projects and infrastructure. And they help the business to realize bottom line business value through technology.
48
What advantages are generated by the conceptual design being independent from any DBMS?
The conceptual schema can survive a late decision to change the target DBMS. If the DBMS or application requirements change, the conceptual schema can still be used as a starting point of new design activity. Different databases, described through their conceptual schemas, can be compared in a homogeneous framework.
49
In the DFD what is a Dataflow?
A dataflow is an exchange of information between processes. It does not represent flows of control, such as the activation of processes. Instead, they indicate packages of information that flow into or out of the process.
50
In BMC What are the key partners?
Others with which the organisation cooperates in delivering value to its customers.
51
What is a service registry?
A service registry is a directory where published web services can be found along with information about service providers.
52
Choose the right answer from the following to fill the gaps. There are two types of data models: … used in database design, and … supported by database management systems (DBMS).
Conceptual models, and logical models
53
Choose the right answer from the following to fill the gaps. Digital workflows empower business users and IT to work together to rapidly modify … and … to reflect changes in the business.
Systems, processes
54
Choose the right one from the following to fill the gap. An enterprise is any collection of … that have a common set of goals and/or a single bottom line.
Organizations
55
The Financial perspective is focused on the … value created by the enterprise, entailing measures such as … value.
Business, shareholder
56
An IT system has many components. Which of the following is not a component?
a. Storage
b. Databases
c. Users
d. Servers
Users
57
Choose the right answer from the following to fill the gaps. Databases are essential for the life of any organization, because ___ data are essential resources of all organizations.
Structured
58
Minimal cardinality of an attribute indicates the minimal number of attribute ___ associated with each entity or relationship ___.
a. features, instance
b. values, property
c. features, property
d. values, instance
d. values, instance
59
Organizations use workflows to coordinate tasks between ___ and synchronize data between ___.
people, systems
60
In a state machine, the states are the different combinations of information that a(n) ___ can hold and not how they behave. Choose the right one from the following.
Object
61
Stakeholders require specific ___ of an architecture that focus on their ___ and leave out unnecessary information.
views, concerns
62
As tools, what are conceptual models used for?
A model which represents a small part of reality without knowing concrete data values. Concept models describe objects (types) and their properties. An example is an ER diagram which describes entities their relationships to other entities and their attributes.
63
An enterprise architecture is both a process and a product. Describe what is the use of an architecture as a product.
The product serves to guide managers in designing business processes and system developers in building applications in a way that is in line with business objectives and policies.
64
Each state diagram typically begins with a dark circle that indicates the ___ state and ends with a bordered circle that denotes the ___ state. Choose the right one from the following to fill the gaps
initial, final
65
Functional analysis concentrates on understanding how ___ is used by each function. Choose the right one from the following to fill the gap.
Information
66
Use an example to briefly explain Attributes in the Entity Relationship model.
Attributes represent elementary properties of entities or relationships. Name, email, social security number etc.
67
In a Dataflow Diagram (DFD), explain what a data store can do.
It is a repository of data. A line from data store to a process indicates that data from the store is used by the process. A line from a process to a data store means that the process changes the content of the store in some way.
68
In the process architecture, there are four activities. Name all four.
Create products, develop products, market products, deliver products
69
Workflows ___ the flow of employee tasks and activities. Choose the right one from the following to fill the gap
Automate
70
Functional analysis is the modelling of working ___ with an enterprise. Choose the right one from the following to fill the gap.
Activities.
71
The conceptual schema can ___ a late decision to change the target BMS. Choose the right one from the following to fill the gap.
Survive.
72
Concepts” is one of the five components of ontology. Explain what “Concepts” is and give an example.
Concepts: Fundamental classes or entities in a domain, representing groups of things with similar attributes or behaviors.
73
Briefly explain what Data Model is.
Data model. A data model is a collection of concepts that can be used to describe a set of data and operations to manipulate the data. There are two types of data models, conceptual and logical data models.
74
Give an example of Objective (goal) Model.
Objective: Reduce energy costs by 30% within two years. Goals: Implement energy-efficient lighting. Measure through monthly energy bills and efficiency reports.
75
Give an example of an external driver and briefly explain it.
Companies need to understand how they're set up and how they work because external drivers like rules from the government and other pressures require it. For instance, GDPR is one rule that makes it important for companies to have a good grasp of their structure and operations.
76
Briefly explain expressiveness
The real world is abundant in its variety and changes. A conceptual model must be able to express various concepts and their properties.
77
Briefly explain Simplicity.
A conceptual model must be simple so that a schema built using that model is easy to understand for the designers and users of the database application.
78
Briefly explain Minimality.
A conceptual model must use a minimal set of conceptual constructs to represent the reality (each concept must distinctly represent a meaning).
79
Briefly explain Formality.
It requires that all concepts of the model have a unique, precise, and well-defined interpretation.
80
In a state machine, the states are the different combinations of information that a(n) ___ can hold and not how they behave. Choose the right one from the following.
a. attribute
b. object
c. process
d. transition
object
81
Explain minimal and maximal cardinality with an example.
Minimal cardinality of an attribute indicates the minimal number of attribute values associated with each entity or relationship instance. A minimal cardinality having value 0 means the attribute is optional. A minimal cardinality having value 1 means the attribute is mandatory.
Maximal cardinality indicates the maximal number of attribute values associated with each entity or relationship instance. A maximal cardinality having value 1 means the attribute is single-valued. A maximal cardinality having value greater than 1 means that the attribute is multi-valued.
For example, PERSON LIVES_IN [at least one and at most one] CITY, and CITY (inverse) LIVES_IN [at least zero and at most many] PERSON.
82
What are the four perspectives of the BSC?
1. Customer perspective (how the enterprise should appear to is customers)
2. Financial perspective (value propagation)
3. Internal business process perspective (effectiveness and efficiency)
4. Learning and growth perspective (ability to change and improve)
83
Name two ways to measure the customer perspective in a BSC.
Customer Satisfaction Surveys, Customer Retention Rate
84
Name two ways to measure the financial perspective in a BSC.
Revenue Growth Rate, Profit Margin, ROI
85
Name two ways to measure the internal business process perspective in a BSC.
Process Cycle Time, Quality Metrics (error rate etc)
86
Name two ways to measure Learning and growth perspective in a BSC.
Employee Training and Development, Employee Satisfaction and Engagement, Employee Turnover and Retention
87
Make a brief comparison between the Business Process Modelling Notation (BPMN) and the Dataflow Diagram (DFD). Give at least one similarity and two differences between the two models.
Similarity: Both BPMN and DFD are graphical modeling techniques used to represent processes within a system.
Differences: DFD: Focuses primarily on the flow of data within a system, depicting how data moves between processes, data stores, and external entities.
BPMN: Focuses on modeling business processes, illustrating the sequence of activities, events, and decisions involved in achieving a specific business objective.
DFD: Mainly used for analyzing and designing information systems, identifying data flows, processes, and data stores to understand how data is processed within a system.
BPMN: Used for modeling, analyzing, and optimizing business processes, facilitating communication and collaboration between stakeholders, and supporting process improvement initiatives.
88
Consider Dalarna University as an enterprise. Explain “Key partners” of the university using the Business Model Canvas (BMC).
Kök Nyström provides a cafeteria for students to purchase food and coffee, Learn provides a platform, Zoom provides online lecture rooms, IT companies provide guest lecturers and contact for the students.
89
Give an example to illustrate how a goal is decomposed into subgoals by its components.
Make profit – sell more products & save more materials
90
Give an example to illustrate how a goal is decomposed into subgoals by its functions.
Learn more – attend more lectures & do more exercises
91
Give an example to illustrate how a goal is decomposed into subgoals by its semantics.
Happy employees – happy staff members, happy managers
