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High Yield Flashcards

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1
Q

Acute symptomatic hypercalcaemia mx

A
  1. IV saline
  2. IV bisphosphonate e.g. pamidronate
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2
Q

Third nerve palsy vs Horner’s syndrome

A

CN III: Ptosis and dilated pupil
Horner’s: ptosis + constricted pupil (+/- anhidrosis)

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3
Q

Holmes-Adie pupil vs Argyll-Robertson

A

HA: : large, irregular pupil
AR: bilateral irregular pupils (neurosyphillis)

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4
Q

Mycoplasma Pneumonia

A

Sx: preceding flu like illness, bilateral pneumonia, erythema multiforme
Dx: serology, +ve cold agglutins show red blood cell agglutination

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5
Q

Legionella pneumonia dx

A

Urinary antigen

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6
Q

Myxoedemic coma sx + mx

A

Sx: confusion, hypothermia
Mx: IV hydrocortisone, fluids, levothyroxine

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7
Q

Thyrotoxicosis sx + mx

A

Sx: weight loss, manic restlessness, heat intolerance, pretibial myxoedema
Mx: IV propanolol, propylthiouracil and dexamethasone

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8
Q

GBS Ix

A

Nerve conduction studies
LP: isolated rise in protein

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9
Q

Broca’s vs Conductive aphasia

A

Broca’s: non-fluent, laboured and halting
Conductive: fluent speech but repetition impaired

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10
Q

Oesophageal varices prophylaxis

A

Propranolol (NSBB)

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11
Q

Psoriasis Mx

A

Topical betamethasone + topical calcipotriol

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12
Q

Liver failure triad

A

encephalopathy + jaundice + coagulopathy (raised INR >1.5)

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13
Q

Symptomatic Bradycardia Mx

A
  1. Atropine (500mcg IV up to 3mg boluses)
  2. Transcutaneous pacing
  3. Adrenaline infusion
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14
Q

Direct vs indirect inguinal hernias

A

Direct: enter inguinal canal through the posterior wall of canal- Hesselbach’s triangle

Indirect: via inguinal ring

Press on inguinal ligament- direct will still protrude

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15
Q

COPD management

A

General: smoking cessation, pulmonary rehab
1st line: SABA/ SAMA

No asthmatic features:
LABA/LAMA

Asthmatic features:
LABA + ICS

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16
Q

Acute Limb Ischaemia Mx

A

Analgesia, IV heparin and vascular review

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17
Q

Peripheral arterial disease mx

A

Statin + clopidogrel + Exercise training

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18
Q

HIV testing

A

p45 antigen (2-3 weeks) and HIV antibody

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19
Q

Anal fissure Mx

A

Less than 1 week: soften stool with bulk-forming laxative
Chronic: topical GTN

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20
Q

Benign Prostate Hyperplasia mx

A

If moderate: alpha-1 antagonists e.g. tamsulosin, alfuzosin
decrease smooth muscle tone of the prostate and bladder

If significantly enlarged: 5 alpha-reductase inhibitors e.g. finasteride

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21
Q

Pityriasis rosea sx

A

Rash starts as herald patch 1-2 weeks after which there is multiple erythematous lesions

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22
Q

Acute mesenteric ischaemia vs ischaemic colitis

A

Severe, sudden abdominal pain + out-of-keeping physical exam findings + AF → ?acute mesenteric ischaemia

IC: bloody diarrhoea + abdo pain

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23
Q

Rosaeca mx

A

Ivermectin: papules and pustules
Brimonidine: flushing

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24
Q

Colorectal cancer site/ resection type

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. Caecal, ascending and transverse colon- right hemicoloectomy (ileocolic anas)
  2. Distal transverse and descending colon- hemicolectomy (colo-colon anas)
  3. Hartmann: resection of the sigmoid colon and an end colostomy (reversible)
  4. Anterior resection: removes the rectum and sigmoid colon but leaves the renal sphincter (colo-anal + loop ileostomy)
25
Myasthenic crisis mx
Plasmapheresis IV Ig
26
Hepatitis types key points
Hep A: flu like prodome, oro-anal transmission Hep B: can cause chronic hep, blood or bodily fluids, hepatocellular carcinoma Hep E: common in pregnancy, similar to A
27
Nipple discharge
Duct papilloma: bloody discharge Ectasia: green-brown
28
Malignant hyperthermia
SE of suxamethonium Mx: Dantrolene
29
Urge vs Stress incontinence Mx
Urge: oxybutynin (anti-muscarinic) Stress: Duloxetine
30
Inevitable miscarriage
Medical: misoprostol Surgical: dilation and curettage
31
Placental abruption
Conservative: IV corticosteroids and monitoring
32
Metastatic bone pain mx
Analgesia, bisphosphonates or radiotherapy
33
Perineal tears
34
Breast cancer endocrine therapy MOA
Post menopause: anastrozole e.g. Reducing peripheral synthesis of oestrogen Pre menopause: selective oestrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) e.g. tamoxifen
35
Specificity vs sensitivity
Specificity: true negs/ total no disease Sensitivity: true positives divided by the total number of people with the disease
36
CABG harvested graft
Internal thoracic (internal mammary) artery
37
Cord lesions
Anterior: bilateral loss of motor function, pain and temp Central: UL motor > LL motor + e.g. loss of pain + temp in right arm and left leg Posterior: loss of proprioception, vibration and fine touch sensation
38
Von Willibrand's Ix and Mx
Ix: prolonged bleeding time/APTT ( can also be normal) Mx: tranexamic acid or desmopressin
39
Cancer
Acute MYELOID leukaemia: anaemia, thrombocytopenia, leukocytosis, increase blasts on blood smear (sx bruising) Acute LYMPHOBLASTIC leukaemia: children Polycythaemia vera: Elevated Hb, haematocrit, WCC and platelet count (JAK2) Chronic LYMPHOBLASTIC leukaemia: anaemia, thrombocytopenia Chronic MYELOID leukaemia: leukocytosis, anaemia, increased granulocytes/myelocytes on blood smear (philadelphia 9:22) Myelofibrosis: anaemia, leukocytosis, thrombocytopenia, elevated LDH level and the presence of JAK2 V617F
40
Malaria prophylaxsis
Atovaquone–proguanil
41
Fibroadenoma vs fibrocystic disease
Fibroadenoma: solitary, firm mobile mass Fibrocystic: lumpy breasts associated with cyclic pain
42
UTI in children mx
Atypical: US + DMSA (renal scarring) Recurrent: US + MCUG
43
HSP vs ITP
HSP: abdo pain, arthralgia, rash (monitor BP + urine, self resolving) ITP: rash and bruising- self resolving
44
Temporal/ Giant Cell arteritis Ix + Mx
Sx: Headache, jaw claudication, transient LOV episodes Ix: raised ESR + temporal artery biopsy Mx: IV methylpred if visual association no visual loss then high-dose prednisolone
45
Lupus Nephritis Mx
Sx: SLE + proteinuria Mx: glucocorticoids with either mycophenolate or cyclophosphamide
46
Mental Health Act sections
-Section 2: 28 days -3: 6 months -4: 72 hour hold 5 (2): detain a in patient 72 hours 5 (4): nurses
47
Treatment resistant schizophrenia
Clozapine (high risk for agranulocytosis- monitor FBCs)
48
Testicular disorders
1. Testicular cancer i.e. seminoma/ non-seminoma 2. Hydrocele: accumulation of fluid within the tunica vaginalis, soft, non-tender + transilluminates 3. Spermatocele: an abnormal sac that develops in the epididymis
49
units alcohol
(ml X ABV) / 1,000
50
Hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state
RF: T2DM Sx: polyuria, polydipsia, confusion, dehydration, longer period of time than DKA
51
ACE-i/ ARBs SEs
ACE-i: cough, angiooedma, hyperkalaemia ARBs: hyperkalaemia
52
Painful red eye differentials
1. Anterior uveitis: painful +/- change in pupil shape 2. Scleritis: painful no change in pupil 3. Blurring vision worse at night, then painful +/- unresponsive to light pupil
53
Bacterial meningitis LP
Cloudy, high pressure, raised proteins, excess neutrophils (polymorphs),
54
opioid dosing key points
PO to SC morphine: divide by 2 Codeine to morphine divide by 10 increasing the dose of opioids the next dose should be increased by 30-50%. oxycodone is preferred to morphine in palliative patients with mild-moderate renal impairment if renal impairment is more severe, alfentanil, buprenorphine and fentanyl are preferred
55
Boerhaave's syndrome
spontaneous rupture of the oesophagus that occurs as a result of repeated episodes of vomiting Sx: Subcutaneous emphysema Dx: CT contrast swallow
56
Cushing's reflex raised ICP
Hypertension and bradycardia (opposite of shock)
57
Alcoholic hepatitis mx
Prednisolone
58
Post ACS mx
1. Dual antiplatelet therapy (aspirin plus a second agent prasugrel or ticagrelor) 2. ACE inhibitor 3. Beta-blocker 4. Statin

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