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USMLE: Step 1 > High-Yield Anatomy Concepts > Flashcards

High-Yield Anatomy Concepts Flashcards

1
Q

Anastomosis responsible for esophageal varices

A

Between left gastric vein & azygos vein in lower esophagus

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2
Q

Anastomosis responsible for anorectal varices

A

Between superior rectal vein and middle & inferior rectal. veins

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3
Q

Nerve implicated in Bell’s palsy

A

Facial nerve
* Branches may be inadvertently severed during parotid surgeries

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4
Q

Ligaments that form lesser omentum

A

Hepatogastric & hepatoduodenal ligaments

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5
Q

Contents of lesser omentum

A
  • Hepatic artery proper
  • Portal vein
  • Common bile duct
  • Hepatic plexus
  • Local lymphatic structures
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6
Q

Mastectomy complications

A

Iatrogenic injury to long thoracic nerve or intercostobrachial nerve
* LT nerve –> winged scapula
* ICB nerve –> sensory loss to medial arm

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7
Q

Borders that define foramen of Winslow

A
  • Superior: caudate lobe of liver
  • Inferior: proximal duodenum
  • Dorsal: inferior vena cava
  • Ventral: hepatoduodenal ligament
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8
Q

Avascular necrosis of femoral head

A

Displacement of femoral head can tear medial circumflex femoral artery
* RFs: elderly, osteoporotic women

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9
Q

Location of Heberden’s nodes

A

Distal interphalangeal (DIP) joints

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10
Q
A
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11
Q

Location of Bouchard’s nodes

A

Proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joints

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12
Q

Vessels forming scapular anastomoses

A

Can circumvent occusion in subclavian / axillary artery
* Subscapular artery
* Suprascapular artery
* Circumflex scapular artery
* Transverse cervical artery

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13
Q

Main bronchus implicated in foreign body aspiration

A

Right main bronchus
* Wider & steeper than left

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14
Q

Piriformis syndrome complication

A

Piriformis muscle is superficial to sciatic nerve
* Injury to piriformis can irritate sciatic nerve resulting in sciatica

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15
Q

Borders of popliteal fossa

A
  • Superomedial: lateral border of semimembranosus
  • Superolateral: medial border of biceps femoris
  • Inferomedial: lateral border of medial head of gastrocnemius
  • Inferolateral: medial border of lateral head of gastrocnemius
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16
Q

Superficial structures in popliteal fossa

A
  • Tibial nerve
  • Common peroneal nerve
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17
Q

Complication of Baker’s cyst of popliteal artery aneurysm

A

Tibial nerve compression
* Weak plantar flexion

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18
Q

Muscles responsible for upper limb abduction

A
  • 0 - 15 degrees: supraspinatus (rotator cuff)
  • Majority: deltoid
  • > 90 degrees: trapezius / serratus
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19
Q

Trendelenburg sign

A

Drooping of contralateral side of pelvis while walking
* Superior gluteal nerve injury –> gluteus medius & minimus weakness

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20
Q

Borders of subacromial bursa

A
  • Superior: acromion, coracoid, CA ligament, proximal deltoid fibers
  • Inferior: supraspinatus muscle

CA: coracoacromial

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21
Q

Location of abdominal aortic aneurysms

A

Bifurcation of aorta

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22
Q

Erb’s palsy

A

Arm is abducted & medially rotated at shoulder, extended at elbow

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23
Q

Nerves implicated in Erb’s palsy

A

Upper trunk: C5-C6 roots

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24
Q

Most common site of abscess formation in abdominopelvic cavity

A

Rectouterine pouch / pouch of Douglas
* Lowest point of peritoneal cavity in women –> fluids / pathogens likely to collect

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25
Q

Boxer’s fracture

A

5th metacarpal neck fracture
* Commonly caused by punching something with closed fist

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26
Q

Indirect inguinal hernias

A
  • Lateral to inferior epigastric vessels
  • Pass through both deep & superficial inguinal rings
  • Caused by failed closure of processus vaginalis
27
Q

Direct inguinal hernias

A
  • Medial to inferior epigastric vessels, medial to rectus abdominis
  • Only pass through superficial inguinal ring
  • Caused by acquired weakness of transversalis fascia
28
Q

Complication of fibular neck fracture

A

Common peroneal nerve injury
* Anterior & lateral leg muscle weakness (weak dorsiflexion)
* Foot drop on physical exam

28
Q

First structure penetrated by an abdominal hernia

A

Transversalis fascia

29
Q

Injury associated with spleen laceration

A

Fracture of 9th or 10th rib

30
Q

Location of varicoceles

A

Left testicle
* Left testicular vein drains into left renal vein
* Right testicular vein drains directly to IVC

31
Q

Venous drainage to cavernous sinus

A
  • Facial vein
  • Superior ophthalmic vein
32
Q

Danger space

A

Region of neck from base of skull to posterior mediastinum
* Infected via local spread from retropharyngeal space
* Superior spread: carotid sheath
* Inferior spread: posterior mediastinum

33
Q

Contents of carotid sheath

A
  • Internal carotid artery
  • Internal jugular vein
  • CNs: IX, X, XI, XII
34
Q

Recurrent laryngeal nerves

A

Branches of vagus nerve that course proximally
* Left RLN: loops around aortic arch
* Right RLN: loops around right subclaviam artery

35
Q

Complication of tympanic membrane rupture

A

Chorda tympani runs along posterior surface of tympanic membrane
* Injury results in loss of taste to anterior 2/3 of tongue, secretory dysfunction of submandibular & sublingual glands

36
Q

Most frequently enlarged lymph nodes in cervical chain

A

Jugulodigastric lymph nodes
* Drain palatine tonsils
* Located in deep belly of digastric, just anterior to internal jugular vein

37
Q

Complication of palatine tonsillectomy

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve injury
* Loss of taste to posterior 1/3 of tongue

38
Q

Complication of surgical neck humerus fracture

A

Axillary nerve injury

39
Q

Complication of midshaft humerus fracture

A

Radial nerve injury

40
Q

Complication of supracondylar humerus fracture

A

Median nerve injury

41
Q

Complication of fall on outstretched hand / medial epicondyle injury

A

Ulnar nerve injury

42
Q

Most common congenital anomaly of GI tract

A

Meckel diverticulum
* Due to persistent vitelline duct

43
Q

Hirschsprung disease

A

Congenital megacolon due to aplasia of enteric nerve plexuses in distal segment of colon
* Absent parasympathetic ganglia
* Associated with Down syndrome

44
Q

Celiac trunk

A

Courses over superior aspect of pancreas before splitting into 3 retroperitoneal branches:
1. Left gastric artery
2. Common hepatic artery
3. Splenic artery

45
Q

Complication of cholecystectomy

A

Inadvertent ligation of right hepatic artery
* Can cause right liver necrosis

46
Q

Complication of splenectomy

A

Inadvertent removal of pancreatic tail
* Intraperitoneal in close proximity to spleen
* Causes diabetes

47
Q

Internal hemorrhoids

A
  • Location: above pectinate line
  • Drainage: superior rectal vein –> portal vein
  • Innervation: visceral –> painless
48
Q

External hemorrhoids

A
  • Location: below pectinate line
  • Drainage: inferior rectal vein –> IVC
  • Innervation: somatic –> painful
49
Q

Complication of hysterectomy

A

Inadvertent damage to ureter
* Ureter runs just posterior to uterine artery

50
Q

Site of prostate cancer metastasis

A

Metastasizes primarily to vertebrae
* Due to sacral veins connecting prostatic venous plexus & vertebral venous plexus

51
Q

Parts of Fallopian tube

A
  • Ampulla: site of fertilization
  • Isthmus: narrowest portion
  • Infundibulum: receives oocye from ovary
52
Q

Epidural hematoma

A

Rupture of middle meningeal artery
* CT: biconvex / lens-shaped

53
Q

Subdural hematoma

A

Rupture of dural bridging veins
* CT: crescent-shaped

54
Q

Brain region involved in HSV encephalitis

A

Medial temporal lobes
* Classically results in altered taste / smell

55
Q

Arteries involved in anterior nosebleeds

A

Kiesselbach’s plecus
* Sphenopalatine artery
* Greater palatine artery
* Superior labial artery
* Anterior ethmoidal artery

56
Q

Arteries involved in posterior nosebleeds

A

Woodruff’s plexus
* Sphenopalatine artery
* Ascending pharyngeal artery

57
Q

Visual changes in temporal arteritis

A

Due to inflammation involving ophthalmic artery

58
Q

Tumor associated with myasthenia gravis

A

Thymoma

59
Q

Superficial inguinal lymph nodes

A

Lymphatic drainage from below umbilicus
* Exceptions: gonads, dorsolateral foot

60
Q

Popliteal lymph nodes

A

Lymphatic drainage from dorsolateral foot

61
Q

Para-aortic lymph nodes

A

Lymphatic drainage from gonads, kidneys, fallopian tubes

62
Q
A

USMLE: Step 1 (2 decks)

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