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Metabolism Exam 2 > High Yield Exam 2 > Flashcards

High Yield Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Label pic

A

do it

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2
Q

steps of protein synthesis

A
  1. cell signaling
  2. transcription
  3. translation and elongation
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3
Q

steps to lysosome

A
  1. endocytosis (pinocytosis, phagocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis)
  2. develop into early endosome
  3. membrane fusion
  4. lysosome’s hydrolytic enzymes break down
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4
Q

macroautophagy

A

Initiation: Phagophore forms

Nucleation: Phagophore expands

Elongation: Engulfs cellular material

Closure: Forms autophagosome

Fusion: Autophagosome + lysosome

Degradation: Contents broken down

Recycling: Materials released to cytoplasm

Lysosome Reformation: Replenishes lysosomes

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5
Q

entosis

A

Initiation: Cell detaches from matrix

Adhesion: Cells form adherens junctions

Invasion: One cell enters neighboring cell

Engulfment: Host cell forms entotic vacuole

Internalization: Invading cell fully enclosed

Degradation: Lysosomal breakdown begins

Cell death: Internalized cell dies

Digestion: Host cell recycles materials

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6
Q

what is ferritin broken down into in autophagy

A

haemoglobin and cytochorme

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7
Q

what is protein broken down into in autophagy

A

amino acids

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8
Q

what is lipids broken down into in autophagy

A

fatty acids

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9
Q

what is glycogen broken down into in autophagy

A

glucose

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10
Q

how metabolites are measured

A

mass spec
nmr spec
chrom
infra red spec
urine wheel

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11
Q

chiral

A

objects that are not superimposable on their mirror images

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12
Q

R and S

A

characterize the absolute configuration of a stereocenter

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13
Q

D and L

A

characterize the absolute configuration of a molecule

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14
Q

“d” or (+)” and “l” or “(-)”

A

associated with rotating polarized light by equal amount but in opposite direction

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15
Q

compounds that rotate light in clockwise direction are

A

dextrorotatory (d, (+))

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16
Q

compounds that rotate light in counterclockwise direction are

A

levorotatory (l, (-))

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17
Q

isomers

A

compounds with same molecular formula but diff chemical structure

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18
Q

stereoisomers

A

same molecular formula and sequence of bonded atoms (constitution), but different 3D configurations

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19
Q

enantiomers

A

stereoisomers that are mirror images, opposite configurations at all chirality centers

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20
Q

diastereomers

A

stereoisomers that are non mirror images, opposite configurations at the same chirality centers

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21
Q

epimers

A

stereoisomers that differ in configuration of only one stereocenter

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22
Q

example of interesting isomers

A

aspartame (bitter vs sweet)
carvone
glucose (sugars)

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23
Q

what is the analogue of starch in animals

A

glycogen

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24
Q

digestion of amylose in the mouth

A

salivary a-amylase released and hydrolyzes a-1,4 glycosidic bonds to create dextrins

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25
digestion of amylopectin in the mouth
salivary a-amylase released and hydrolyzes a-1,4 glycosidic bonds, forming dextrins
26
digestion of amylose in the stomach
acidity of gastric juice destroys amylase, dextrins pass unchanged
27
digestion of amylopectin in the stomach
acidity of gastric juice destroys amylopectin, dextrins pass unchanged
28
digestion of amylose in the small intestine
pancreatic a-amylase released, breaks down dextrins into maltose
29
digestion of amylopectin in the small intestine
pancreatic a-amylase released, breaks down dextrins into maltose and limit dextrins
30
digestion of amylose and amylopectin on the brush border of SI
amylose- maltose hydrolyzed by maltase amylopectin - maltase and isomaltase
31
sucrose enzyme
sucrase
32
lactose enzyme
lactase
33
isomaltose enzymes
isomaltase
34
dextrin enzyme
glucoamylase
35
SGLT2 sugars
glucose and galatactose
36
GLUT5 sugar
fructose
37
what powers SGLT2
sodium potassium pump
38
how are monosaccharides absorbed
glut2
39
glut2 sugars
glucose, galactose, fructose
40
SGLT1 location
intestine, heart, kidney
41
SGLT2 location
kidney
42
SGLT3
intestine, kidney, spleen, liver, muscle
43
what happens when insulin dominates
glucose oxidation glycogen synthesis fat synthesis protein synthesis
44
what happens when glucagon dominates
gluconeogenesis glycogenolysis ketogenesis
45
draw insulin pathway
do it
46
draw glycogen formation pathway
do i t
47
fate of pyruvate in aerobic conditions
tca cycle produces 4 co2 and 4 h2o
48
fate of pyruvate in anaerobic conditions in contracting muscle
lactate
49
fate of pyruvate in anaerobic conditions in yeast
2 ethanol 2 co2
50
what are alcohol acetyl coa used for
triglycerides
51
fructose metabolism in non-liver
fructose -> hexokinase -> fructose 6-phosphate
52
fructose metabolism in liver
fructose -> fructokinase -> fructose 1-phosphate
53
what carbon does fructokinase put the phosphate on
first carbon
54
what is foie gras made of
liver of duck or goose specially fattened with corn mesh
55
when can glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase be fatal
high oxidative stress durgs, herbicides, some foods (fava beans)
56
what is the role of glucose-6-phosphate in protecting against free radicals
turns NADP+ to NADPH which in turn reduces glutathione (GSSH to GSH)
57
draw ppp pathway
do it
58
glycemic index
how fast a food increases blood sugar levels 1-100
59
what foods have a high GI but low amt of carb so low GL
carrot, watermelon, whole-wheat bread
60
diabetes situation
chronic hyperglycemia
61
type 1
failure to produce enough insulin
62
type 2 diabetes
results from insulin resistance, cells fail to use insulin properly, sometimes combined to insulin deficiency

Metabolism Exam 2 (10 decks)

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