Higher Cortical Function 1 & 2

Question 1

the brain contains how many neurons and connections

Answer 1

ten billion with ten trillion connections

Question 2

What is the relationship bt sensation and stimulus

Answer 2

sensation detects a stimulus

Question 3

What is the relationship bt perception and stimulus

Answer 3

perception is about understanding a stimulus

Question 4

List the three sensory areas of the cortex and their input

Answer 4

primary- contains thalamic input

secondary- contains input from primary cortex

Association (tertiary)- input from more than one sensory system, usually secondary system

Question 5

What are the three principles guiding the interactions of the sensory cortex

Answer 5

Hierarchical organization-specificity and complexity increases with each level

Functional segregation

Parallel processing

Question 6

List the three layers of the visual cortex and its relative location

Answer 6

Primary (V1)-Posterior occipital lobe
Secondary (V2)- Prestriate and inferotemporal cortez
Tertiary- Largest single area in Posterior parietal cortex

Question 7

Damage to the V1 will produce a

Answer 7

Scotoma

Question 8

Define scotoma

Answer 8

an area of blindness in corresponding contralateral visual field of both eyes resulting from damage to the primary visual cortex

Question 9

Damage to V2 will produce

Answer 9

Visual Agnosias

Question 10

Agnosia is a greek word meaning “ignorance” that also means ——–

Answer 10

failure of recognition

Question 11

Agnosia is a failure of recognition, does it affect visual capabilities

Answer 11

No, visual capacities intact, but unable to recognize

• man who mistook wife for hat

Question 12

List two examples of visual agnosias

Answer 12

Associative agnosia

Appreceptive agnosia

Question 13

Associative agnosia refer’s to the inability to

Answer 13

associate object to function

*mistaking a fork for a spoon

Question 14

Appreceptive agnosia refer’s to the inability to

Answer 14

distinguish visual shapes

*can’t compare similar figures, and fails to copy drawings

Question 15

What happens when visual information exits the V1 of the occipital lobe

Answer 15

It follows two main pathways

Dorsal and Ventral streams

Question 16

What pathway does the dorsal steam follow

Answer 16

V1 to dorsal stream V2 to posterior parietal

Question 17

What pathway does the ventral stream follow

Answer 17

V1 to ventral stream V2 to inferotemporal cortex

Question 18

Dorsal stream deals with

Answer 18

where/ control of behavior

Question 19

Ventral stream deals with

Answer 19

What/ conscious perception

*faces, bodies animal, houses, tools, etc

Question 20

When a patient can’t see object, but can grasp them correctly, this is an example of what stream deficit

Answer 20

Vental

Question 21

When a patient can see but can not grasp correctly, this is an example of what stream deficit

Answer 21

Dorsal

Question 22

Name a specific example of a ventral stream agnosia

Answer 22

Prosopagnosia

Question 23

What is prosopagnosia

Answer 23

an inability to recognize faces d/t bilateral lesions along the “face area” in the ventral stream pathway

Question 24

Damage to the Dorsal (occipital-parietal) pathway yield what five main deficits and what syndrome

Answer 24

Simultanagnosia
Apraxia
Hemi-neglect
Optic Ataxia
Akinetopsia

Balint’s syndrome

Question 25

Simultanagnosia is the inability to

Answer 25

see the visual field as a whole, describe complex scenes *can't copy, draw, or write bc they can't see both the pen and what is on the paper at same time

Question 26

Apraxia is

Answer 26

deficit in executing or carrying out learned PUREPOSEFUL movements, despite desire and physical ability

Question 27

Hemi-neglect is a deficit in attention resulting from

Answer 27

damage to the RIGHT parietal lobe not related to a visual deficit * Patient neglects half of the world

Question 28

Balint's syndrome is a triad of neurological impairments resulting from BILATERAL damage to what lobe

Answer 28

Posterior Parietal lobe

Question 29

What are three characteristics of Balint's syndrome

Answer 29

Simultananagnosia Oculomotor ataxia- cant fixate eyes Optic ataxia- cant move hand to an object using vision

Question 30

Name two somatosensory Agnonsias

Answer 30

Astereognosia | Asomatognosia

Question 31

Define Astereognosia

Answer 31

inability to recognize objects by touch

Question 32

Define Asomatognosia

Answer 32

the failure to recognize parts of one's own body usually accompanied by anosagnosia

Question 33

define anosagnosia

Answer 33

failure of a patient to recognize own symptoms

Question 34

Much of the the output from SI and SII goes to

Answer 34

association cortex in posterior parietal lobe

Question 35

List the functiions of the primary, secondary, and tertiary cortex

Answer 35

primary-responds to pure tones secondary-responds to more complex stimuli (monkey calls) tertiary-language comprehension

Question 36

Are the two hemispheres functionally considered the same?

Answer 36

No

Question 37

The left hemisphere is considered

Answer 37

the language center

Question 38

Name the 7 areas in the brain involved in language

Answer 38

A1, Wernicke's area, Angular gyrus, Arcuate fasciculus, Broca's area, Primary motor cortex, V1

Question 39

What is aphasia

Answer 39

Aphasia is condition characterized by either partial or total loss of the ability to communicate verbally or using written words. A person with aphasia may have difficulty speaking, reading, writing, recognizing the names of objects, or understanding what other people have said

Question 40

Damage to broca's area will result in

Answer 40

expressive aphasia *normal comprehension, but capacity to communicate via written, spoken, reading, or sign language (if deaf) is altered * MCA infarct * Depressed

Question 41

Damage to Wernicke's areal will result in

Answer 41

receptive aphasia * normal speech sound, but capacity to comphrehend and produce intelligible speech via written, spoken, reading, or sign language (if deaf) is altered * Happy

Question 42

Damage to arcuate fasciculus causes

Answer 42

conduction aphasia

Question 43

Conduction aphasia is

Answer 43

inability to repeat *comprehension and speech normal

Question 44

What is global aphasia

Answer 44

``` all disabilities of broca's, wernicke, and conduction Cant: speak comprehend repeat ```

Question 45

What is the typical cause of global aphasia

Answer 45

MCA infarct

Question 46

Damage to the left angular gyrus produces

Answer 46

Alexia | Agraphia

Question 47

What is alexia

Answer 47

cant read

Question 48

What is agraphia

Answer 48

cant write

Question 49

List two ways to test which hemisphere is dominant

Answer 49

Wada test | fMRI

Question 50

Name the three divisions of the frontal lobe and it's corresponding deficits

Answer 50

Primary motor cortex- weakness/paralysis contralaterally Premotor cortex-difficulty producing coordinated movements Prefrontal cortex- impaired ability to execute plans

Question 51

Name the three subdivisions of the prefrontal cortex

Answer 51

Dorsalateral Orbitofrontal Ventromedial

Question 52

The PFC has what type of control

Answer 52

Executive

Question 53

Frontal lobe damage will cause what deficits

Answer 53

Cognitive Emotional Behavioral

Question 54

Frontal lobe injury impedes which fx: 1. Math skills 2. Bizarre dress choices

Answer 54

2.

Question 55

Dorsolateral lobe deals with

Answer 55

"cold' | working memory, impersonal problems

Question 56

Ventromedial/Orbitofrontal deals with

Answer 56

"hot" | deceision making, moral judgements

Question 57

Damage to the DL lobe yields

Answer 57

inability to monitor own performance and learn from mistakes *unable to chagng ways, even when old ways fail to bring reward

Question 58

Damage to the OF lobe yields

Answer 58

inability to delay gratification, or follow thru with plans, euphoria then rage, sexual aggression, stealing, IMMATURE * Environmental Dependency Syndrome: see hammer and nail, must use it

Question 59

Damage to the VM PFC yields

Answer 59

Depression or Mania *Purely emotional

Question 60

What are the three clinical syndromes of frontotemporal lobar degeneration

Answer 60

frontotemporal dementia-sociopathic behavior semantic dementia-loss of semantic memory progressive nonfluent aphasia-loss of speech production