Highlights Chapters 17-18

Question 1

What gland is the “master gland”?

Answer 1

Pituitary gland

Question 2

The hypothalamus is _______________ to the optic chiasm

Answer 2

posterior

Question 3

What is the master clock of circadian rhythms?

Answer 3

Suprachiasmatic nucleus (of hypothalamus)

Question 4

What systems do the hypothalamus and pituitary link?

Answer 4

Neural and endocrine systems

Question 5

List the 4 systems the hypothalamus controls to maintain homeostasis

Answer 5

1) Homeostatic mechanisms
2) Endocrine control
3) Autonomic control
4) Limbic mechanisms

Question 6

The limbic-hypothalamic interconnections play an important role in what?

Answer 6

Emotional influences on autonomic pathways

Question 7

What is the regulator of circadian rhythms?

Answer 7

The suprachiasmatic nucleus

Question 8

True or false: the hypothalamus controls or partially controls both hunger and thirst

Answer 8

True

Question 9

Lesions in the part of the hypothalamus that controls appetite can cause what?

Answer 9

Weight loss/obesity

Question 10

Lesions in the part of the hypothalamus that controls thirst can do what?

Answer 10

Decrease water intake

Question 11

Oxytocin, a hormone released by the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary, can do what?

Answer 11

Increase nurturing behaviors.

Question 12

What organ is involved in hyperthermia? Why?

Answer 12

Hypothalamus; detects increased body temperature and can dissipate heat

Question 13

What does the posterior hypothalamus do?

Answer 13

Conserves heat

Question 14

1) What system of the brain goes from the forebrain to the brainstem?
2) Where are most parts of this system?

Answer 14

1) The limbic system
2) Most are hidden in the medial hemispheres

Question 15

The limbic cortex forms what? What two things does it surround?

Answer 15

A ring–like limbic lobe surrounding the corpus collosum and upper brainstem

Question 16

What are the 4 main categories of limbic system functions?

Answer 16

1) Homeostatic functions including autonomic and neuroendocrine control
2) Olfaction
3) Memory
4) Emotions and drives
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Question 17

What part of the brain is important in memory functions?

Answer 17

Hippocampus

Question 18

1) Where is the amygdala?
2) What does it function in?

Answer 18

1) Tip of the hippocampus.
2) Emotional, autonomic, and neuroendocrine circuits of the limbic system

Question 19

Smell contributes to the detection of what two things?

Answer 19

Odors and taste

Question 20

Some fibers of the olfactory tract go somewhere other than the olfactory cortex; where do they go?

Answer 20

Amygdala

Question 21

What are the two jobs of the hippocampus?

Answer 21

1) Memory
2) Creates context [for past/future events]

Question 22

What are the two critical areas for memory formation?

Answer 22

1) Medial temporal lobe memory area
2) Forebrain

Question 23

1) What does the medial temporal lobe memory area contain?
2) What does the forebrain contain that’s related to memory?

Answer 23

1) Hippocampus
2) Thalamus and hypothalamus’s nuclei

Question 24

Today, patients with refractory temporal lobe epilepsy can be cured with what?

Answer 24

Unilateral medial temporal lobe resection.

Question 25

*********** 1) Define declarative memory 2) Define nondeclarative memory

Answer 25

1) Explicit memory; involves conscious recall of facts or experiences. 2) Implicit memory; learning of habits, skills or other acquired behaviors.

Question 26

What two things come from the posterior pituitary?

Answer 26

Oxytocin and vasopressin

Question 27

Where does ACTH come from?

Answer 27

Anterior pituitary

Question 28

Where is the hypothalamus? What does it make up?

Answer 28

Under the thalamus; third ventricle 's inferior portion

Question 29

What contains axons whose cell bodies are located in the hypothalamus?

Answer 29

Posterior pituitary

Question 30

The hypothalamus is the central regulator of what?

Answer 30

Homeostasis

Question 32

1) What can the hypothalamus detect? 2) What does it activate? 3) What can lesions cause because of this? 4) What does the posterior hypothalamus do?

Answer 32

1) Increased body temperature and 2) Mechanisms to dissipate heat, 3) Hyperthermia 4) Conserves heat.

Question 33

What is memory loss like in concussion?

Answer 33

Usually reversible memory loss, except for a few hours around the injury

Question 34

Can infarcts/ischemia cause memory loss? When?

Answer 34

They can, especially when bilateral medial temporal lobes are affected.

Question 35

1) What cause of memory loss could be due to a cardiac arrest? 2) Is memory loss permanent? What structure is involved?

Answer 35

1) Global cerebral anoxia 2) Memory loss is usually permanent; the hippocampus is very vulnerable to anoxic injury

Question 36

Seizures can cause what?

Answer 36

Memory loss

Question 37

1) Where is the amygdala? 2) What two things does it play a big role in?

Answer 37

1) Tip of the hippocampus 2) Emotions and drives.

Question 38

What structure is important in attaching emotions to stimuli?

Answer 38

Amygdala

Question 39

1) What 3 structures being abnormal can cause schizophrenia? 2) What NT is can also cause it, and what can improve symptoms?

Answer 39

1) Limbic system, frontal lobes, and thalamus. 2) An abnormality in dopamine, therefore symptoms can improve with antidopaminergic agents

Question 40

What two things cause anxiety?

Answer 40

1) Excessive activity in the amygdala 2) Failure of control by the frontal cortex

Question 41

What 3 NTs can be markedly imbalanced in bipolar depression/ mania?

Answer 41

Serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine

Question 42

List 4 causes of memory loss

Answer 42

1) Concussion 2) Infarcts/ischemia 3) Global cerebral anoxia 4) Seizures

Question 43

Which two areas does the hypothalamus receive inputs from?

Answer 43

Amygdala and regions of the limbic cortex

Question 44

What receives inputs from retinal ganglion cells about whether it is day or night?

Answer 44

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

Question 45

What two structures does the limbic system surround?

Answer 45

Corpus callosum and upper brainstem

Question 46

What regulates emotions, affection, memory, drives, and homeostasis?

Answer 46

Limbic system

Question 47

What C-shaped structure is buried in the medial temporal lobe and is important in memory functions?

Answer 47

Hippocampus

Question 48

What functions in emotional, autonomic, and neuroendocrine circuits of the limbic system?

Answer 48

Amygdala

Question 49

The medial temporal lobe memory area contains the ________, while the forebrain which contains nuclei of _________ and __________ that are critical for memory formation.

Answer 49

hippocampus; thalamus and hypothalamus

Question 50

What can cause memory loss especially when bilateral medial temporal lobes are affected?

Answer 50

Infarct/ischemia

Question 51

What area of the brain plays a big role in emotions and drives, is an active participant in all four limbic functions, and attaches emotions to stimuli?

Answer 51

Amygdala

Question 52

What clinical disease is caused by abnormalities in the limbic system, frontal lobe, and thalamus?

Answer 52

Schizophrenia

Question 53

What clinical disease is marked by an excessive rate of activity in the amygdala and the failure of control by the frontal cortex?

Answer 53

Anxiety

Question 54

What hormone causes increased production of corticosteroids?

Answer 54

ACTH

Question 55

What hormones increase production of testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone?

Answer 55

FSH and LH

Question 56

What hormone functions in milk letdown?

Answer 56

Oxytocin

Question 57

What hormone functions in milk production?

Answer 57

PRL

Question 58

What is ADH also called?

Answer 58

Vasopressin