Hind Limb: Part 2

Question 1

List the 6 lateral muscles of the pelvis (rump muscles).

Answer 1

Caudofemoralis (not in dog)
Superficial gluteal muscle
Middle gluteal muscle
Deep gluteal muscle
Fascia lata
Tensor fasciae latae muscle

Question 2

List the (2) cranial muscles of the thigh.

Answer 2

Quadriceps femoris
Sartorius

Question 3

List the (5) medial thigh muscles.

Answer 3

Sartorius
Gracilis
Adductor
Pectineus
External obturator muscles

Question 4

List the caudal thigh muscles.

Answer 4

Hamstring muscles
- Biceps femoris
- Semitendinosus
- Semimembranosus
Caudal crural abductor

Question 5

List the (5) muscles of the crus (calf area).

Answer 5

Craniolateral muscles
- Cranial tibial muscle
- Peroneus longus muscle (fibularis longus)
- Peroneus brevis muscle
- Long digital extensor muscle
- Lateral digital extensor muscle

Question 6

List the (7) caudal crural muscles.

Answer 6

Gastrocnemius
Soleus
DDF (Deep Digital Flexor)
SDF (Superficial Digital Flexor)
Interosseus
Popliteus
Caudal tibialis

Question 7

List the deep caudal muscles of the crus.

Answer 7

Popliteus
Caudal tibialis muscle

Question 8

List the arteries of the hind limb.

Answer 8

1. Aorta
2. External iliac a.
3. Internal iliac a.
4. Median sacral a.
5. Internal pudendal a.
6. Caudal gluteal a.
7. Iliolumbar a.
8. Cranial gluteal a.
9. Deep femoral a.
10. Pudendoepigastric trunk
11. Femoral a.

Question 9

External iliac arteries branch diagram; memorize.

Answer 9

External iliac a.
deep femoral a.
Femoral a.
lateral circumflex femoral a.
superficial circumflex iliac a.
proximal caudal femoral a.
saphenous a.
descending genicular a.
middle caudal femoral a.
distal caudal femoral a.
Popliteal a.
Cranial tibial a.
Caudal tibial a.
Dorsal pedal a.

Question 10

List the veins of the pelvic limb.

Answer 10

Lateral saphenous vein
Medial saphenous vein

Question 11

List the nerves of the pelvic limb.

Answer 11

Femoral nerve
Saphenous nerve
Obturator nerve
Cranial gluteal nerve
Caudal gluteal nerve
Caudal cutaneous femoral nerve
Ischiatic/sciatic nerve
Tibial nerve
Peroneal nerve (common fibular nerve)
Lateral cutaneous sural nerve
Superficial peroneal nerve
Deep peroneal nerve

Question 12

What is the largest gluteal muscle?

Answer 12

Middle gluteal muscle.

Question 13

What is the general function of the cranial muscles of the thigh and their innervation?

Answer 13

General function: extends the stifle, flexes the hip
Innervated by the femoral nerve.

Question 14

What are the 4 parts of the quadriceps femoris?

Answer 14

1. Rectus femoris
2. Vastus lateralis
3. Vastus medialis
4. Vastus intermedius

Question 15

What are the muscles that are part of the adductor group and their innervation? Which is the largest adductor?

Answer 15

Medial thigh muscles contribute to the adductor group:
Sartorius
Gracilis
Adductor (largest adductor muscle)
Pectineus
External obturator muscles

Innervated by the obturator nerve.

Question 16

What muscles are part of the hamstring group and their innervation?

Answer 16

Caudal thigh muscles:
Hamstring muscles
Biceps femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
Caudal crural abductor

Innervated by the sciatic nerve.

Question 17

What are the boundaries of the femoral triangle?

Answer 17

Area is bounded by the sartorius cranially,
Pectineus caudally
Body wall dorsally

Question 18

Which is medial/lateral between the semimembranosus and the semitendinosus muscles?

Answer 18

Semimembranosus - medial
Semitendinosus - lateral

Question 19

Which muscle forms the caudal border of the thigh?

Answer 19

Semitendinosus muscle.

Question 20

Which two muscles primarily contribute to the calcaneal tendon in the dog?

Answer 20

1. Gastrocnemius
2. Superficial digital flexor

Question 21

What are two things that are special about the soleus muscle?

Answer 21

Absent in dog, present in felines
Composed of type 1 fatigue resistant fibers

Question 22

Which digital flexor inserts on the distal phalanx?

Answer 22

Deep digital flexor (DDF)

Question 23

Which nerve innervates the craniolateral muscles of the crus and the caudomedial muscles of the crus?

Answer 23

Craniolateral muscles of the crus - innervated by peroneal nerve

Caudomedial muscles of the crus - innervated by tibial nerve

Question 24

What is the function of the obturator nerve?

Answer 24

Innervates most of the medial adductors of the thigh. Is essential to the adduction of the thigh.

Question 25

What are the 2 major branches of the sciatic nerve?

Answer 25

1. Tibial nerve 2. Peroneal nerve

Question 26

Pin Bone

Answer 26

Ischiatic tuberosity

Question 27

Round ligament

Answer 27

Short intracapsular ligament extending from the acetabular cavity to the fovea on the head of the femur.

Question 28

Fabella

Answer 28

Latin for bean, 2 small sesamoid bones embedded within the heads of the gastrocnemius muscle in the carnivore.

Question 29

Patellar ligament

Answer 29

Part of the tendon of insertion of the quadriceps muscle between the patella and the tibial tuberosity.

Question 30

Menisci

Answer 30

Crescent shaped fibrocartilaginous discs between tibia and femur (act as shock absorbers).

Question 31

External iliac artery

Answer 31

large branch of the terminal aorta, once passed through the abdominal wall, becomes the femoral artery. Gives off the deep femoral artery.

Question 32

Internal iliac artery

Answer 32

terminal branch of the aorta, branches into the caudal gluteal artery and the internal pudendal artery

Question 33

Deep femoral artery

Answer 33

after leaving abdomen, continues as the medial circumflex femoral artery

Question 34

Femoral artery

Answer 34

superficially within the femoral triangle, passes deep to the semimembranosus muscle, continues as the popliteal artery.

Question 35

Saphenous artery and its two branches

Answer 35

passes subcutaneously with its vein and nerve on the medial side of the thigh. Runs between the sartorius and the gracilis. Branches into the cranial (1) and caudal (2) branch.

Question 36

Popliteal artery and its two branches

Answer 36

continuation of the femoral artery, divides into the caudal (1) and cranial (2) tibial artery.

Question 37

Medial saphenous vein

Answer 37

passes on the medial side of the limb with the saphenous artery at the apex of the femoral triangle.

Question 38

Lateral saphenous vein

Answer 38

travels on the lateral side of the leg and empties into the distal caudal femoral vein.

Question 39

Femoral nerve

Answer 39

innervates the extensor muscles of the stifle. branches into the saphenous nerve. passes through the psoas muscles, out of the abdominal cavity, through the femoral canal to the quadriceps femoris.

Question 40

Saphenous nerve

Answer 40

superficial branch of the femoral nerve, supplies cutaneous innervation to the medial side of the limn and motor innervation to the sartorius muscle.

Question 41

Obturator nerve

Answer 41

innervates most of the medial adductors of the thigh, goes through the pelvic cavity on the body of the ilium and obturator foramen to the medial side of the thigh.

Question 42

Sciatic/Ischiatic nerve

Answer 42

largest nerve of the lumbosacral plexus and body. Protected by the greater trochanter of the femur. Runs between the biceps femoris and the semitendinosus. Supplies the caudal thigh muscles. Supplies the muscles of the crus/pes via its branches.

Question 43

Tibial nerve

Answer 43

one of the two terminal branches of the ischiatic nerve. Runs between the 2 heads of the gastrocnemius muscle. Supplies the gastrocnemius, soleus, popliteus, and caudal crural muscles. The caudal cutaneous sural nerve branches off, continues as the plantar nerves.

Question 44

Peroneal nerve (common fibular nerve)

Answer 44

2nd of the 2 terminal branches of the ischiatic nerve. Branches into superficial and deep peroneal nerve.