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Psych > Hindbrain, Midbrain, Subcortical FOrebrain Structures > Flashcards

Hindbrain, Midbrain, Subcortical FOrebrain Structures Flashcards

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1
Q

Medulla is known as

A

The medulla is also known as the medulla oblongata.

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2
Q

Medulla is responsible for

A

the involuntary mouth and throat movements involved in swallowing, coughing, and sneezing.
It regulates a respiration, heart rate, and blood pressure.

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3
Q

Medulla Brain injury can result in

A

death

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4
Q

Pons is located

A

connects the two halves of the cerebellum

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5
Q

Pons is responsible for

A

Coordinating movements on the two sides of the body. It relays messages betwee the cerebellum and cerbal cortex.

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6
Q

Pon also is resposbible for

A

the respiration and the regulation of deep sleep and REM sleep

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7
Q

Hindbrain Structures consist of

A

Medulla
Pons
Cerebellum

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8
Q

Hindbrain is located

A

Just above the spinal cord

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9
Q

Cerebellum coordinates

A

voluntary movements and maintain postures and balance

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10
Q

Damage to the Cerebellum causes

A

Ataxia- symptoms associated with alcohol intoxication that include lack of muscle control, impaired balance and coordination, slured speech, nystagmus (jerky eye movements) and blurred/double vision.

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11
Q

Cerebellum is responsisble for

A

processing and storing procedural memories and implicit memories.

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12
Q

attention
linguistic processing
visuospatial abilities is associated with part of the brain

A

Cerebellum

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13
Q

Midbrain Structures

A

Connects the hindbrain to the forebrain and inclues the reticular formation and substantia nigra.

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14
Q

Reticular Formation consists of

A

consists of a network of neurons that extend from the medulla into the midbrain

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15
Q

Reticular Formations functions

A

functions including regulation of muscle tone, coordination of eye movements, and control of pain

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16
Q

Reticular Formations contains

A

It contains the reticular activating system (RAS) which is also known as the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)

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17
Q

RAS mediates

A

mediates consciousness and arousal, controls the sleep/wake cycle, and alerts the cerebral cortex to incoming sensory signals.

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18
Q

Lesions on the RAS

A

Lesions in the RAS can cause a comatose state, while direct electrical stimulation or stimulation by sensory input can awaken a sleeping person and cause an awake person to become more alert.

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19
Q

RAS location

A

in Reticular Formation

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20
Q

Substantia Nigra role is

A

in reward-seeking, drug addiction, and, through its connection to the basal ganglia, motor control.

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21
Q

Parkinson’s symptoms location

A

Substantia Nigra

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22
Q

Parkinson’s disease is a

A

Degeneration of dopamine-producing cells in the substantia nigra is a cause of the slowed movement, tremors, rigidity, and other motor symptoms

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23
Q

Midbrain structures consist of

A

Reticular Formation

Substantia Nigra

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24
Q

Subcortical Forebrain Structures consist of

A

hypothalamus, thalamus, basal ganglia, amygdala, and hippocampus

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25
Hypothalamus
maintains the body’s homeostasis and regulates functions critical to survival through its influence on the autonomic nervous system and pituitary gland.
26
Hypothalamus regulates
regulating body temperature, blood pressure, heart and respiration rates, thirst and hunger, growth, sexual activity, reproduction, and the body’s response to stress
27
Hypothalamus aslo contributes
to emotions, memory, and circadian rhythms
28
Electrical stimulation of or damage to different areas of the hypothalamus can elicit
Aggressive behavior and rage or produce crying or laughter
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mammillary bodies are found where
in the Hypothalamus
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Mammillary bodies play a role in
Memory and suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
31
suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
serves as the body’s biological clock and regulates the sleep-wake cycle and other circadian rhythms
32
Pituitary Glands
Produces hormones that stimulate othe release of hormones produced by the anterior pituitary
33
anterior pituitary functions are
to secrete gonadotropins that regulate the functions of the testes and ovaries This stems from the hypothalamus initiates the development of secondary sex characteristics and regulates the maturation and maintenance of the reproductive system by secreting gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
34
posterior pituitary
(also known as antidiuretic hormone) stores these hormones and then secretes them into the bloodstream at appropriate times | the hypothalamus sends oxytocin and vasopressin to the posterior pituita
35
oxytocin and/or vasopressin play a role in
social bonding and affiliation, trust and cooperation, social recognition, sexual behaviors, social memory, aggression, and psychosocial
36
Grahn, Ottosson, & Uvnas-Moberg, 2021
with regard to stress, elevated levels of oxytocin inhibit hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and sympathetic nervous system responses to stress, which reduces blood pressure, heart rate, and cortisol levels
37
oxytocin has been found to have beneficial effects for people who
have autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, and other disorders that involve deficits in recognizing emotions in the facial expressions of other people and other aspects of social-emotional cognition.
38
Cardoso, Ellenbogen, & Linnen (2014) found that increasing oxytocin levels in healthy adult subjects using intranasal administration impaired their ability to accurately identify the intensity of facial expressions of emotion in other people because it caused the subjects to be overly sensitive to facial expressions (especially expressions of disgust and surprise).
high oxytocin levels in healthy adults can have adverse effects.
39
Thalamus is described as
A relay station because it recivesn and then transmits sensory infomration to the cortes expect for smell.
40
Thalamus role is
coordination of sensory and motor functioning, lanaguage and speech and declartive memory.
41
Korsakoff Syndrome is caused by
a thiamine deficiency often resulting in chronic alcoholism that damage neurons in the thalamus and mammillary bodies.
42
Korsakoff Syndrome primary symptoms are
anterograde amnesia, retrograde amnesia, and confabulation, which involves filling memory gaps (especially gaps in episodic memory) with false information that the person seems to believe is true.
43
Basal Ganglia consists of
caudate nucleus, putamen, nucleus accumbens, and globus pallidus
44
The caudate nucleus, putamen, and nucleus accumbens are collectively referred
as the striatum and receive input from the cerebral cortex, while the globus pallidus transmits information to the thalamus
45
The caudate nucleus, putamen, and nucleus accumbens structures involve in the
Initiation and control of voluntary movements, procedural and habit learning, cognitive functioning (e.g., attention and decision-making), and emotions
46
Basal ganglia damage has been linked to a number of conditions including
mood disorders, schizophrenia, ADHD, OCD, Tourette’s disorder, Huntington’s disease, and Parkinson’s disease.
47
Some authors include the nucleus accumbens
basal ganglia, while others include it as part of the limbic system
48
Limbic Stystem consists of structures that involve
Emotion
49
The Limbic System includes
The amygdala, cingulate cortex, and hippocampus.
50
Functions of the amygdala
Experience of emotions Recognition of fear/emotions in facial expressions Acquisition of conditioned fear responses Evaluation of emotional significance of events Attachment of emotions to memories
51
Amygdala and memory
Involved in formation of flashbulb memories (vivid memories of surprising/shocking events)
52
Amygdala and PTSD
Hyperactivity in amygdala plays key role in distressing memories/symptoms of PTSD. Hypoactivity of ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VPC) reduces regulation of amygdala activity.
53
Kluver-Bucy Syndrome
Caused by bilateral lesions of amygdala, hippocampus, temporal lobes. Symptoms include hyperphagia, hyperorality, reduced fear, hypersexuality, visual agnosia.
54
These investigators noted that the hippocampus is part of the Papez circuit, which Papez (1937) described as also including the mammillary nuclei in the hypothalamus, thalamus, cingulate cortex, and several other structures and as being responsible for emotional experience and expression.
Consequently, Kluver and Bucy proposed that the destruction of the hippocampus was responsible for the affective symptoms characteristic of Kluver-Bucy syndrome. However, the destruction of the amygdala (rather than the hippocampus) was subsequently identified as the primary cause of these symptoms, and the amygdala was added to a revised version of the Papez circuit (MacLean, 1952).
55
Role in Papez circuit
Originally hippocampus thought to cause affective symptoms when lesioned. Later found amygdala as primary cause, so it was added to Papez's circuit for emotional experience/expression.
56
Components of the cingulate cortex
Cingulate gyrus and cingulate sulcus
57
Functions of the cingulate cortex
Motivation Memory Emotions, including emotional reactions to pain
58
Effect of cingulate cortex damage
People experience pain but are not emotionally distressed by it
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Disorders linked to cingulate cortex abnormalities
Major depressive disorder Bipolar disorder
60
Other brain areas involved in depressive/bipolar disorders
Prefrontal cortex Orbitofrontal cortex Hippocampus Amygdala Thalamus
61
Primary role of the hippocampus
Involved in memory more than emotions compared to other limbic system structures
62
Hippocampus and declarative memory
Transfers declarative memories from short-term to long-term. Important for spatial memory.
63
Effects of hippocampal damage
Impairments in episodic memory and spatial navigation seen in Alzheimer's disease linked to degeneration of hippocampus and entorhinal cortex.
64
Effects of cortisol on hippocampus
Acute or chronic increases in cortisol levels impair retrieval of declarative memories.
65
in terms of evolution, is the oldest part of the brain
The hindbrain and midbrain constitute the brainstem
65
Hippocampal abnormalities and disorders
Contribute to major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and PTSD. Smaller hippocampal volume associated with more severe PTSD symptoms
66
The brain is divided into three regions
hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain
67
The forebrain includes the subcortical structures
part of the midbrain. THe midbrain conects the hindbrain to the forebrain. Which includes the reticular formation and substantia nigra

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