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Hinduism and Buddhism Flashcards

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0
Q

Axial Age: what motivated the transition from archaic to axial?

A

1 Social developments
Metallurgy, alphabets,coinage, all of which lead to urbanization

2 philosophical developments
People begin reflecting bc of the social changes raising questions for people

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1
Q

Axial Age: How does it differ from what came before?

A

Focused on reflection and philosophy

Archaic and Tribal religions are cosmological and fuse the supernatural,natural, and social into one

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2
Q

Aryans

A

1900 (2000 BC) Aryans come into India

Pastorial society

Caste system ( 1 warriors 2 priests 3 herders)

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3
Q

Indus Valley Civilization

A

2500-1900 BC

Agricultural society

Religious traits
1 animistic: worship of natural objects
2 emphasis on purity of water
3 focus on fertility and creative male power

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4
Q

Rig Veda

A

1700-1100 BC

Hymns and songs of creation

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5
Q

Sama Veda

A

Sacrifice emphasis

Songs for priests

For religious figures and rituals

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6
Q

Yajur Veda

A

Sacrifice for priests

More ritualistic

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7
Q

Athara Veda

A

Incantations for priests for big events

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8
Q

4 Main Gods of Hinduism

A

Varuna

Agnu

Indra

Soma

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9
Q

Varuna

A

Vault of the sky, cosmic order, sees everything, punishes them who go against them, watchful eye

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10
Q

Agni

A

God of fire, goes between sky and earth,

***God of sacrificial fire

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11
Q

Indra

A

God of storms, warrior/ god of atmosphere

Responsible for thunderstorms

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12
Q

Soma

A

God of ecstasy (excitement)

*Also a drink used during rituals

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13
Q

Brahmanas

A

1000-800 BC

Update for Veda with new rituals

Divisions academic and they overlap

Philosophical

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14
Q

Uphanishads

A

600 BC

Philosophical, theoretical in nature; structure of q/a with teacher

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15
Q

Class Readings from the Rig Veda

A

1 want to know source if creation
Asking the question What god should we adore with our oblation?

*Hirahyagarbha=Braham=everything

2 creation of caste system through sacrifice

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16
Q

dharma

A

Emphasized in later Hinduism (200 BC- 200 CE/AD)

1 order of things: divine blueprint of reality, social and natural order

2 duty

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17
Q

Karma

A

Action; the cause of samsara

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18
Q

Samsara

A

Endless cycle of birth-death-rebirth

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19
Q

Atman

A

Essence (soul)

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20
Q

Brahman

A

Permanent; underlying the cycle, one thing really real

Can escape samsara by becoming unified with Brahman through knowledge and reflection

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21
Q

Moksha

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A

Liberation from Samsara, destruction of self

22
Q

The Four Sights of Siddhartha Gautama

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A

1 Old Age- morality
2 sick man- shown illness and death
3 dead man- morality
4 poor hermit- only one remotely happy; only possibility for an authentic life

23
Q

Arhat

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A

People who have achieved enlightenment

24
Theravada
Means path of the elders Est. in Shirlanka Wrote down and collected teachings in a body of scriptures (Tipitaka/Tripitaka)
25
Tripitaka/ Tipitaka
Means 3 baskets The collected teachings of Theravada
26
King Ashoka
Mamryan empire 2nd founder of Buddihism Spreads it across India after becoming a follower of Buddha and proclaiming everyone under his rule should be Buddhist Powerful ruler
27
Mahayana Buddhists
Means Greater Vehicle Bodhisattra: reincarnation of Buddha, everyone can become one Theravada Hineyana "lesser value"
28
Dharma (Buddist)
Ultimate truth about reality **Hindu notion of dharma is as a universal blueprint This is the ultimate truth realized by Buddha when he achieves enlightenment 4 Noble Truths epitomize dharma
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Dependent Co-arising
Impermanence Everything is connected; nothing arises by itself; nothing is independent
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Nirvana
Cessation of any desire that reinforces self *knowing dharma is to attain nirvana
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Anntta
Not self Buddihist idea that there is neither atman or Brahman
32
Dukkha
Suffering; results from attachments 5 aggregates of attachment/desire All things are subject to impermanence and change Not a mental state, nor unhappiness, simply a feature of existence
33
Four Noble Truths
1 Dukkha 2 Origin of Dukkha 3 Cessation of Dukkha 4 The Eight Fold Path
34
2 Origin of Dukkha
Desire "tanha": craving/ thirst Originates in the very construction of an individual 3 types: 1 thirst for sensual pleasure 2 thirst for continued existence 3 thirst for non-existence
35
5 aggregates of attachment/ desire
Suffering; results from attachments 5 aggregates of attachment/desire: 1 matter (form) 2 sensations- 1st level of reaction 3 perception- recognition as something 4 mental formations- activities of the will; decide to do something 5 consciousness- everything built together All things are subject to impermanence and change Not a mental state, nor unhappiness, simply a feature of existence
36
3 Cessation of Dukkha
Nirvana: extinction of desire and self
37
4 Eight fold path
The how to guide of how to live life to promote human flourishing
38
Bhakti
Worship or devotion At times in reference to one god or goddess, usually Vishnu, Shiva or Devi but in the underlying truth they were all connected to Brahman
39
Puranas
Literature of Bhakti Themes of creation and destruction, origins of the gods and the sages, eras of the common history, dynastic histories ***purana was bhagavad-purana, furthered the bhagavad
40
Tantras
Books of mystical teachings, spells, ritual direction written from around 500 to 800 BC Acknowledged Vedas but updated the rituals, perfected use of body and mind Widespread throughout Hinduism but cult of Shakti was devoted to them
41
Shankara ( and his philosophical system Advaita)
Taught 1 there was one Brahman and we is all. And Moksha was realizing that atman is Brahman Advaita was the thought that everything was an illusion even the gods (Maya) Allowed different levels of truth, Everything fades with the unity of Brahman only Nirgina Brahman real in ultimate reality
42
Nirgina Brahman
Limitless, ultimate reality, world was connected through nirguana Brahman, quasi-transcendental, formless as the wind or atmosphere Un-conceptualized, no human interpretation can describe Higher level of thinking, everything is Brahman
43
Saguna Brahman
Separate distinction Creative power, foundation,personal conceptualized by humans Limiting conditions and multiformity and names Formed
44
Maya
Illusion encompassing reality Idea that separation of self and Brahman was an illusion At higher level of thinking everything is Brahman all separation and illusion fade away Illusion of changing world and people as individuals
45
Asramas
Student,householder,forest dweller,renouncer
46
Ramanuja (his dualist conception of Brahman)
Lived from 1017-1137 CE Argued against non dualism Promoted Bhskti through saying Vishnu was the Ultimate reality and there was a qualitative difference between soul,world, and highest lord The body and soul were united but different, Lord was the soul of the soul, soul could worship lord soul
47
3 paths to liberation/transformation
Path of knowledge Path of action Path of devotion
48
Path of knowledge
Know self=Brahman, live accordingly to that truth dharma, focuses through discipline and meditation, knowing he universal self atman is eternal and changeless= moksha use of Upanishads, may have been influenced by Buddihism and Jainism
49
Path of action
Performing dharma perfectly for the betterment of the universe, followed by most common people because they had not achieved the caste of Brahmin, after many lifetimes if following the path of action, path of knowledge could be used, law code of many was the guidance for the path of action was a universal path of discipline, ritual, and morality
50
Path of devotion
Through Bhakti, worship of gods for protection, wealth, art, success, devotees of Vishnu, shiva, and Devi believe incarnations of Brahman are personal and present, transcend all reality and are Brahman, so they worship part of Brahman which achieves them liberation
51
Sangha
Parallel so duty of Buddhist followers Sets up ideal society Parallels existing society, does not criticize only exists as an example
52
Parinirvana
Complete liberation No more samsara, or desire for existence
53
Such mess
Illusionary world "storehouse conciousness"

World Religions (1 decks)

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