Hip Joint And Knees

Question 1

What type of joint is the hip joint?

Answer 1

Ball and socket

Question 2

A fusion of what 3 bones forms the hip bone?

Answer 2

Ilium.
Ischium.
Pubis.

Question 3

What are the 3 bones making up the hip bone separated by?

Answer 3

Triradiate cartilage

Question 4

At what age are the 3 bones making up the hip bone completely fused by?

Answer 4

Age 25

Question 5

What is the name of the socket for the hip joint?

Answer 5

Acetabulum

Question 6

What are the 3 strong ligaments of the hip joint?

Answer 6

Iliofemoral.
Pubofemoral.
Ischiofemoral.

Question 7

What are the 2 accessory ligaments of the hip joint?

Answer 7

Ligament of the head of the femur.

Transverse acetabularligament.

Question 8

What 3 muscles make up the posterior compartment (hamstrings) of the thigh? What are they innervated by?

Answer 8

Semimembranosus - tibial part of sciatic nerve.
Semitendinosus - tibial part of sciatic nerve.
Biceps femoris - long head - tibial part of the sciatic nerve. Short head - common fibular part of the sciatic nerve.

Question 9

What can damage to the medial circumflex femoral artery in femur head fracture lead to in adults?

Answer 9

Avascular necrosis of the femoral head.

Question 10

What 4 nerves innervate the hip joint?

Answer 10

Femoral nerve.
Obturator nerve.
Superior gluteal nerve.
Nerve to quadratusfemoris.

Question 11

What artery needs to be damaged in children in a head of the femur fracture to lead to avascular necrosis? Why?

Answer 11

Artery of ligamentum teres as the circumflex arteries are not fully developed yet.

Question 12

What will be seen clinically in a femur fracture vs a hip joint dislocation?

Answer 12

Fracture - leg shortened and externally rotated.

Dislocation - leg shortened and internally rotated.

Question 13

How is an extracapsular hip joint dislocation managed?

Answer 13

Pin using screws or nails depending on where the fracture is.

Question 14

How is an intravascular hip joint dislocation managed? Why?

Answer 14

Partial or total hip replacement, due to risk of avascular necrosis.

Question 15

What type of joint is the knee joint?

Answer 15

Bicondylar synovial joint.

Question 16

Articulation between which 3 bones make up the knee joint?

Answer 16

Patella, femur, tibia.

Question 17

What is a stable patellar fracture?

Answer 17

Break through patella, patella still in place.

Question 18

What is a comminuted patellar fracture?

Answer 18

Patella broken and pieces moved out of place.

Question 19

What is a tibial plateau fracture and how does it present?

Answer 19

Fracture in the posterior part of the tibia.
Caused by fall onto extended leg, presents with knee swelling, limited flexion, pain on weight bearing, knee deformity and possibly neurovascular compromise.

Question 20

What is the role of the meniscus of the knee joint?

Answer 20

Deepen the articular surface making the joint more stable. Act as shock absorbers.

Question 21

What does damage to the tibial collateral ligament also cause damage to?

Answer 21

Medial meniscus.

Question 22

What 2 collateral ligaments of the knee joint stabilise the knee, preventing medial or lateral movement?

Answer 22

Tibial (medial) collateral.

Fibular (lateral) collateral.

Question 23

What 2 ligaments prevent the tibia moving anteriorly and posteriorly at the knee joint?

Answer 23

Anterior cruciate ligament.

Posterior cruciate ligament.

Question 24

What type of impact normally cause medial collateral ligament damage?

Answer 24

Forces applying excess stress to the lateral surface of the knee. Often occur with knee slightly flexed. May damage other knee ligaments and menisci.

Question 25

What type of impact normally cause anterior cruciate ligament injuries?

Answer 25

Landing and twisting forces, often with foot slightly inverted. May require surgical repair.

Question 26

What is the unhappy triad? What type of force normally causes this?

Answer 26

Combination of injuries to the anterior cruciate, medial collateral and medial meniscus. Severe lateral forces applied to the knee when the foot is fixed to the floor.

Question 27

What are the boarders of the popliteal fossa?

Answer 27

Superomedial border - semimembranosus. Superolateral border - biceps femoris. Inferomedial border - medial head of the gastrocnemius. Inferolateral border - lateral head of the gastrocnemius and plantaris. Floor - posterior surface of knee joint capsule and posterior surface of femur. Roof - popliteal fascia and skin.

Question 28

What is the popliteal fascia continuous with?

Answer 28

Fascia lata of the leg.

Question 29

What is the contents of the popliteal fossa from lateral to medial?

Answer 29

Common fibular nerve. Tibial nerve. Popliteal vein. Popliteal artery.

Question 30

What is the only muscle in the leg that acts on the knee alone? What does it do? What is it innervated by?

Answer 30

Popliteus muscle. Medically rotates the tibia to unlock the knee during the gait cycle. Tibial nerve.

Question 31

A problem with what usually leads to pathological locking of the knee?

Answer 31

Meniscus.

Question 32

In pathological locking of the knee, what position does it most commonly lock in?

Answer 32

Flexed position with patients unable to straighten their leg.

Question 33

What is a bursa?

Answer 33

Sac filled with synovial fluid.

Question 34

What is the function of a bursa?

Answer 34

Acts to reduce ware and tear and improve mobility.

Question 35

What is housemaids knee?

Answer 35

Prepatella bursitis (on top of patella).

Question 36

What is clergyman's knee?

Answer 36

Infrapatella bursitis (just below patella).

Question 37

What is a Baker's cyst? How does it present?

Answer 37

Inflammation and swelling of the semimembranosus bursa. | Presents as a lump behind the knee, usually arise in conjunction with arthritis of the knee.

Question 38

In what order around the leg to the anterior dermatomes arise?

Answer 38

L1 to S1 clockwise.

Question 39

Which dermatome is hands in your pockets?

Answer 39

L2

Question 40

Which dermatome is the big toe?

Answer 40

L4

Question 41

Which dermatome is the little toe?

Answer 41

S1

Question 42

Which dermatome is the posterior lower leg?

Answer 42

S1

Question 43

Which dermatome is the posterior thigh?

Answer 43

S2

Question 44

What dermatomes are the anal region?

Answer 44

S3 - S5