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1
Q

What is rainwater harvesting?

A

It is a technique of collecting and storing rainwater for future use.

Example: Installing a rain barrel to collect rainwater from the roof for watering plants.

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2
Q

What is the main purpose of rainwater harvesting?

A

To make the rainwater percolate underground so as to recharge groundwater level.

Additional information: Helps in reducing water scarcity and dependence on groundwater.

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3
Q

What is roof top rainwater harvesting?

A

It involves collecting rainwater that falls on the roof of houses, apartments, and commercial buildings, and storing it for domestic purposes.

Example: Using a storage tank to collect rainwater from the roof for household chores.

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4
Q

What is the recharge pit method in rainwater harvesting?

A

In this method, rainwater is collected from rooftops or open spaces, directed into percolation pits through pipes for filtration, and then enters the recharge pits or ground wells.

Example: Digging pits in the ground to allow rainwater to percolate and recharge groundwater.

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5
Q

What are ‘Eris’ in traditional water harvesting systems in Tamil Nadu?

A

Eris are traditional water harvesting systems constructed in a way that if the water in one eri overflows, it automatically gets diverted to the eri of the next village as these Eris are interconnected.

Additional information: Eris help in efficient water distribution and management.

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6
Q

What are ‘Ooranis’ in traditional water harvesting systems in Tamil Nadu?

A

Ooranis are small ponds used to collect rainwater for various domestic purposes such as drinking, washing, and bathing, catering to nearby villages.

Example: Community ooranis providing water for multiple households in a village.

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7
Q

What are e-wastes?

A

E-wastes are generally called electronic wastes, which include spoiled, outdated, non-repairable electrical and electronic devices.

Additional information: E-wastes pose environmental risks if not disposed of properly.

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8
Q

What are the sources of e-wastes?

A

Electronic devices, household electrical appliances, and accessories such as printing cartridges, batteries, and chargers.

Example: Discarded smartphones, laptops, and televisions contributing to e-waste generation.

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9
Q

What are the environmental impacts of e-wastes?

A

Disposal of electrical and electronic devices without knowledge can lead to landfill and water pollutants, severe soil and groundwater pollution due to hazardous heavy metals, and severe health hazards from polluted e-waste dumping yards.

Additional information: Proper e-waste management is crucial for preventing environmental contamination.

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10
Q

What is the leading polluter of water sources in India?

A

Untreated sewage or wastewater generated from domestic and industrial processes.

Example: Industrial effluents and untreated sewage contaminating rivers and lakes.

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11
Q

What are the sources of sewage/wastewater?

A

Domestic purpose or household activities, dye and textile industries, and leather industries.

Additional information: Industries play a significant role in generating wastewater.

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12
Q

What is the first step in conventional wastewater treatment?

A

Pre-screening to remove soil and solid particulates.

Example: Using screens to filter out large debris from incoming wastewater.

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13
Q

What happens to the screened wastewater in conventional wastewater treatment?

A

It is pumped into an aeration tank for biological degradation.

Additional information: Aeration promotes the growth of beneficial microorganisms for wastewater treatment.

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14
Q

What is the purpose of the sedimentation process in wastewater treatment?

A

To allow solid particles to settle, forming sludge.

Example: Allowing suspended solids in wastewater to settle at the bottom of a tank.

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15
Q

What happens to the sludge generated in the degradation process?

A

It is periodically transferred from the tank for safe disposal.

Additional information: Sludge disposal methods include composting, landfilling, and incineration.

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16
Q

What is required to remove any microorganism contamination in treated water?

A

Chlorination and ultraviolet (UV) radiation.

Additional information: Disinfection methods like chlorination ensure water safety for consumption.

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17
Q

What is done with the water after conventional wastewater treatment?

A

It is supplied for domestic or industrial purposes.

Example: Treated wastewater used for irrigation in agriculture or for industrial processes.

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18
Q

What is agriculture derived from?

A

Two Latin words: ‘ager’ and ‘cultura’.

Additional information: ‘Ager’ means field, and ‘cultura’ means cultivation.

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19
Q

What does agriculture deal with?

A

The mass production of plants and animals useful to human beings.

Example: Growing crops for food, fiber, and raw materials in agriculture.

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20
Q

What are the types of agricultural practices developed by scientists?

A

New methods of food production, growing better varieties of crops, and improving animal rearing.

Additional information: Agricultural advancements aim to increase productivity and sustainability.

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21
Q

What are Kharif crops?

A

Crops grown in the rainy season, between June and October, such as paddy, maize, cotton, and green gram.

Example: Sowing paddy fields in the monsoon for Kharif crop cultivation.

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22
Q

What are Rabi crops?

A

Crops grown in the winter season, between November and April, such as wheat, barley, and mustard.

Example: Planting wheat and barley in the winter months for Rabi crop harvest.

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23
Q

What are Zaid crops?

A

Crops grown in the short season between Kharif and Rabi seasons, such as pumpkin and cucumber.

Example: Cultivating short-duration crops like cucumber during the Zaid season.

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24
Q

What does crop variety improvement aim to achieve?

A

Higher crop yield and enhanced quality of food items.

Additional information: Improving crop varieties helps in meeting food demands efficiently.

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25
What are the aspects for which crop variety improvement is carried out?
To obtain higher yield of crop and to enhance the desirable quality of food items. ## Footnote Example: Breeding crops for disease resistance and improved nutritional content.
26
What parts of plants are improved in terms of crop quality?
Protein quality in pulses, oil quality in seeds, and preserving quality in fruits to reduce spoilage. ## Footnote Example: Enhancing protein content in lentils and oil content in sunflower seeds.
27
What are the problems caused by non-living factors termed as?
Abiotic stress. ## Footnote Additional information: Abiotic stresses include factors like temperature, salinity, and drought affecting plant growth.
28
What are some abiotic stress resistant plants produced?
Salinity resistant, Flood (water-logging) resistant, Drought resistant, Heat/cold/frost resistant. ## Footnote Example: Developing rice varieties tolerant to flooding for cultivation in waterlogged areas.
29
What are the problems caused by living factors termed as?
Biotic stress. ## Footnote Additional information: Biotic stresses include pests, diseases, and weeds impacting plant health.
30
What are plants which can resist biotic stress called?
Biotic stress resistant plants or disease resistant plants. ## Footnote Example: Genetically modified crops with built-in resistance to common pests.
31
How can the maturity duration of a crop be changed?
By growing a plant that grows and yields faster. ## Footnote Example: Selecting short-duration crop varieties for quicker harvest cycles.
32
Why is it beneficial to produce plants that can resist the attack by pathogens?
To increase yield and profitability. ## Footnote Additional information: Disease-resistant crops reduce crop losses and improve farmer income.
33
What is genetic engineering in the field of crop variety improvement?
It involves the techniques used to cut up and join together genetic material, especially DNA from different biological species, and to introduce the resulting hybrid DNA into an organism in order to form new combinations of heritable genetic material. ## Footnote Additional information: Genetic engineering enables the creation of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) with desired traits.
34
What is the process of crossing plants of two varieties having different traits to produce a hybrid with good traits of both called?
Hybridisation. ## Footnote Example: Crossing a disease-resistant tomato plant with a high-yielding variety to get a hybrid with both traits.
35
What is the process of turning and loosening soil with a plough called?
Ploughing. ## Footnote Example: Using a tractor-mounted plough to prepare the soil for sowing crops.
36
What is the process of breaking big lumps of soil with the help of a leveller called?
Levelling. ## Footnote Example: Using a land leveller to smoothen the soil surface for better crop growth.
37
What is the mixing of soil with manure to increase soil fertility called?
Manuring. ## Footnote Example: Adding compost or organic manure to the soil for enriching its nutrient content.
38
What is the planting of seeds of a crop in soil called?
Sowing. ## Footnote Example: Broadcasting seeds or using seed drills to sow crops in a field.
39
What are the two essential nutrients to soil for the growth and development of plants?
Manure and fertilisers. ## Footnote Additional information: Manure provides organic matter, while fertilisers supply essential nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium.
40
What is the process of turning and loosening soil with a plough called?
Ploughing ## Footnote Example sentence: Farmers plough the fields before sowing seeds.
41
What is the process of breaking big lumps of soil with the help of a leveller called?
Levelling ## Footnote Example sentence: Levelling ensures uniform soil surface for planting crops.
42
What is the mixing of soil with manure to increase soil fertility called?
Manuring ## Footnote
43
What is the planting of seeds of a crop in soil called?
Sowing ## Footnote
44
What are the two essential nutrients to soil for the growth and development of plants?
Manure and fertilisers ## Footnote
45
What is the process of supplying water to plants at regular intervals called?
Irrigation ## Footnote
46
What is the process of removing unwanted plants from the cultivated field to allow crops proper access to light, space, and nutrients called?
Protection from weeds ## Footnote
47
What is the process of cutting mature crops from fields called?
Harvesting ## Footnote
48
What is the process of keeping grains or produce safe from rats, insects, microorganisms, and moisture called?
Storage ## Footnote
49
What are the three major components of crop production management?
Nutrient management, irrigation, and cropping patterns ## Footnote
50
What is the system to manage the amount, form, placement, and timing of the application of nutrients to plants called?
Nutrient management ## Footnote
51
What are the main sources of nutrients for plants?
Air, soil, and water ## Footnote
52
What is a natural fertiliser that is prepared by the decomposition of plant and animal waste called?
Manure ## Footnote
53
What are the predominant organic matters found in manures?
Ammonia, nitrate, organic substances, etc. ## Footnote
54
What are the types of manures based on the kind of biological material used?
Farmyard manure, compost, and green manure ## Footnote
55
What are the sources of irrigation?
Wells, canals, rivers, dams, ponds, and lakes ## Footnote
56
What is compost?
Manure made from vegetable and animal refuse collected from domestic waste, straw, and weeds, dumped in a deep pit to decompose ## Footnote
57
What is vermicompost?
Compost broken down by earthworms ## Footnote
58
What is the role of earthworms in vermicomposting?
Earthworms convert matter into rich humus, enriching the soil with nutrients ## Footnote
59
What is green manure?
Green manure is formed inside the soil from young green crop plants ploughed back into the soil ## Footnote
60
What are fertilisers?
Fertilisers are plant nutrients, which are commercially available and can be organic or inorganic in nature ## Footnote
61
What is organic farming?
Organic farming is the practice of raising crops with limited use of chemicals such as fertilisers, pesticides, herbicides, and genetically-modified organisms ## Footnote
62
Why is irrigation essential for crop plants?
To supply water to crop plants in the fields, periodically ## Footnote
63
What are cropping patterns?
Models of raising crops to obtain maximum benefit from a single piece of land, reducing the risk of crop failure, disease, and infestation ## Footnote
64
What is crop rotation?
The practice of growing two or more varieties of crops on the same field in a sequential season ## Footnote
65
What is the purpose of rotating leguminous crops with non-leguminous crops?
To replenish the soil with nitrogen naturally and increase crop production ## Footnote
66
What is multiple cropping?
The growing of two or more crops one after another in the same field ## Footnote
67
What is mixed cropping?
The technique of growing two or more different crops simultaneously on the same field ## Footnote
68
What are the criteria for selecting different crops for mixed cropping?
Different root patterns, water and nutrient requirements, maturity time, growth habit, and non-competition for requirements ## Footnote
69
What are the advantages of mixed cropping?
Reduces the risk of total crop failure, increases the yield of crops, harvests a variety of produce, improves soil fertility, reduces chances of pest infestation, and enhances nutrient utilization from different soil layers ## Footnote
70
What are the disadvantages of mixed cropping?
Reduces the requirement of fertilizers, but makes harvesting and threshing of crops separately difficult. Farmers face difficulty in spraying pesticides and applying fertilisers to individual crops ## Footnote
71
What is intercropping?
The practice of growing two or more crops simultaneously in the same field in a definite row pattern ## Footnote
72
What are the advantages of intercropping?
Increases productivity per unit area, saves time and labour of the farmer, makes better use of natural resources, allows specific fertilisers for each crop, enables separate harvesting, threshing, and marketing of produce, and keeps a check on soil erosion ## Footnote
73
What are weeds and how do they affect crop plants?
Weeds are undesirable plants that grow in cultivated fields along with the crop plant. They compete for nutrients, light, and space, reducing the productivity of crop plants ## Footnote

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