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HIST 151 > HIST 151 Final > Flashcards

HIST 151 Final Flashcards

(108 cards)

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1
Q

What religious movements predominated in the Southern Region by the Civil War?

A

Methodism and Baptism

By the Civil War, the majority of people in the South identified with either the Methodist or Baptist faith.

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2
Q

What was a key theological difference between Baptists and Methodists during the Second Great Awakening?

A

Salvation is solely determined by God (Baptist) vs individuals responding to God’s grace (Methodist)

This difference highlighted the varying beliefs about human agency in salvation.

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3
Q

What was the Cane Ridge Revival?

A

A significant religious event in Kentucky in 1801 featuring passionate sermons from various preachers

It inspired a responsive audience to strive for their own salvation.

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4
Q

What was the most popular American denomination by 1850?

A

Methodism

Methodism grew significantly after breaking from the Church of England in 1784.

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5
Q

What are camp meetings?

A

Gatherings characterized by intense physical and emotional enthusiasm during the Second Great Awakening

These meetings captured the democratizing spirit of the American Revolution.

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6
Q

What was the goal of the Temperance movement?

A

To curb alcohol consumption among the middle class

Reformers escalated efforts from promoting moderation to full abstinence from alcohol.

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7
Q

What does the term ‘Burned-over District’ refer to?

A

An area in New York that had experienced many revivals and had no more souls to awaken

The term was coined by Charles Finney.

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8
Q

Who founded Mormonism?

A

Joseph Smith

He claimed to have received a vision from Jesus, leading to the formation of his own church.

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9
Q

What is spiritual egalitarianism?

A

The belief that all souls are equal in salvation

This concept allowed Methodists to gain spiritual prominence.

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10
Q

What is Unitarianism?

A

A religious movement rejecting key orthodox beliefs, including the divinity of Christ

It rose in the early 19th century and included the formation of the Transcendental Club.

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11
Q

What is Transcendentalism?

A

A belief in a higher spiritual principle within each person that guides moral action

It emphasized individualism and optimism, influencing American thought.

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12
Q

What characterized the Benevolent Empire?

A

A combination of social reform movements and evangelical mission

Middle-class ministers led the reform societies during this period.

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13
Q

What is perfectionism in the context of the Second Great Awakening?

A

The belief that redeemed Christians should live free of sin and reflect God’s perfection

It motivated many to join reform movements.

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14
Q

What did disinterested benevolence encourage among evangelicals?

A

To prioritize loving others over self-love

This belief led many to view slavery as a major moral issue.

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15
Q

What role did missionaries play in the religious landscape?

A

They formed organizations for spiritual connections and coordinated evangelistic missions

They aimed to introduce Christianity and American values to various communities.

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16
Q

Who led the first major petition campaign against Indian removal?

A

Catharine Beecher

She used moral arguments to encourage women to engage in political discourse.

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17
Q

What was William Lloyd Garrison known for?

A

Prominent abolitionist advocating for immediatism and founder of ‘The Liberator’

He organized a movement for immediate emancipation and Black citizenship.

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18
Q

What was the outcome of Nat Turner’s Rebellion?

A

Turner and his followers killed approximately 60 whites before being suppressed

This rebellion highlighted the tensions surrounding slavery.

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19
Q

What was the Liberty Party’s belief?

A

The U.S. Constitution was an antislavery document

They aimed to use the political system to abolish slavery.

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20
Q

What did the American Anti-Slavery Society endorse?

A

Women’s suffrage

This endorsement caused a divide within the abolitionist movement.

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21
Q

What was the significance of the Seneca Falls Convention?

A

First women’s rights gathering in the U.S.

It produced the Declaration of Sentiments, connecting women’s rights to America’s founding ideals.

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22
Q

What was the Indian Removal Act of 1830?

A

Legislation emphasizing the removal of Native Americans from land east of the Mississippi

This act faced fierce opposition but was ultimately implemented.

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23
Q

What was Petit Gulf Cotton?

A

A hybrid strain of cotton developed in 1833 that thrived in the South

It became a major cash crop due to its high yield and adaptability.

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24
Q

What is the Cotton Belt?

A

Region in the South where cotton was the primary cash crop

By the 1830s, cotton became the leading crop in the nation.

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25
What economic challenges did tobacco farming face?
Fields became exhausted and required new methods and fields for production ## Footnote Tobacco was the South’s first staple crop but was costly to produce.
26
What characterized the capitalism of the cotton revolution?
Expansion of land, purchase of enslaved labor, and risky investments ## Footnote Humanity became a commodity in the pursuit of profit.
27
What forms of slave resistance were common?
Breaking tools, running away, causing delays in production ## Footnote These acts provided a sense of unity among enslaved laborers.
28
What was the role of slavery in the Southern economy from 1830s to 1861?
Defining factor for wealth and population growth ## Footnote Slavery became integral to the cotton economy.
29
What was a key outcome of urbanization in the South from 1820-1860?
Development of a middle class in urban centers ## Footnote Southern urbanization differed from the North, which focused on industry.
30
What was the Internal Slave Trade?
Legal trade of enslaved laborers between states in the 1850s ## Footnote It increased significantly due to rising cotton production.
31
How did enslaved families maintain culture?
Through kinship networks, religious congregations, and cultural traditions ## Footnote Family units allowed for the preservation of traditions despite the challenges of slavery.
32
What was the significance of the steamboat in early American history?
Enabled navigation of internal waterways and increased trade ## Footnote The first successful steamboat was called the 'New Orleans'.
33
What was the name of the first steamboat to navigate the internal waterways of North America?
New Orleans
34
In what year did 17 steamboats begin running regular upriver lines?
1817
35
By the mid-1840s, how many steamboats were operating on the rivers?
More than 700
36
In 1860, how many steamboats did the Port of New Orleans receive and unload?
3500
37
Which coastal ports became targets for steamboats and coastal carriers?
* New Orleans * Charleston * Norfolk * Richmond
38
During the 1820s-1830s, what did the Federal Government implement regarding Native Americans?
Forced migrations and established a system of reservations west of the Mississippi River
39
What was the impact of the difficult current on internal travel along the Mississippi River?
It made travel and supply difficult, but the river promised a revolution in trade and transportation.
40
What was the significant population growth in cities along the river from 1820 to 1860?
160,773 people
41
What does 'paternalism' refer to in the context of enslavers?
A title used by enslavers to preach pro-slavery theology, emphasizing civilizing efforts.
42
What was the Southern code of honor?
A code that structured language and behavior to minimize conflict and ritualize interactions.
43
What was the role of femininity in the Southern honor culture?
Cultivated around honor, emphasizing domesticity and managing household and family.
44
What was the purpose of dueling in Southern honor culture?
To prove equal honor status and achieve recognition by risking one's life.
45
What is the 'Cult of Domesticity'?
A belief that limited wealthy southern women's public engagement and emphasized their role in managing households.
46
What is 'Manifest Destiny'?
The belief that it was America's destiny to spread democracy and improve lands west of the Mississippi.
47
What were the three claims that pushed Americans to seek expansion of democracy?
* Strength of American values justified moral claims to leadership * Lands west of Mississippi destined for improvement * God ordained an irrepressible destiny for redemption and democratization
48
What did the 'Young America' movement emphasize?
National unity, American exceptionalism, territorial expansion, and economic interdependence.
49
What was the Negro Fort?
An armed outpost established during the War of 1812 that was attacked in 1816.
50
What was the outcome of the 1st Seminole War?
Led by General Andrew Jackson to take land from the Seminole.
51
What was the Treaty of New Echota?
A treaty signed in 1835 that ceded Cherokee lands in Georgia for compensation.
52
What was the significance of the Black Hawk War?
Led to the removal of many Sauk Indigenous to Kansas.
53
What did the Civilization Fund Act of 1819 provide?
$10,000 annually to fund missionaries to establish schools in Native American tribes.
54
What sparked the Texas Revolution?
Disagreements over General Santa Anna's authoritarian control in Mexican Texas.
55
What was the outcome of the Treaty of Velasco?
Signed by Santa Anna after being captured, recognizing Texan independence.
56
What was the result of the U.S.-Mexican War?
Set the U.S. on the path to becoming a world power and resulted in Mexico losing half its territory.
57
What did the Monroe Doctrine establish in 1823?
1) U.S. wouldn't interfere in European wars 2) U.S. wouldn't interfere with existing colonies 3) Western Hemisphere closed to future colonization 4) European oppression in the Western Hemisphere viewed as hostile
58
What was filibustering?
Privately financed schemes to capture foreign territory without government approval.
59
What was the significance of the Missouri Compromise?
Allowed Missouri to enter as a slave state and established a boundary for slavery in the Louisiana Purchase.
60
What was the Free Soil Party?
A political party opposing the expansion of slavery into new territories.
61
What did the Wilmot Proviso propose?
Banning the expansion of slavery into territories acquired from Mexico.
62
What were the key provisions of the Compromise of 1850?
* California admitted as free state * Tougher fugitive slave laws * New Mexico and Utah territories allowed to decide on slavery
63
What was the impact of Uncle Tom's Cabin?
Helped to move antislavery into everyday conversation for northerners.
64
What was the Kansas-Nebraska Act?
A law that allowed the territories of Kansas and Nebraska to decide for themselves whether to allow slavery.
65
What does 'popular sovereignty' mean?
The principle that the people should have the right to vote on major decisions.
66
What was the outcome of Dred Scott v. Sanford?
Ruled that Black Americans could not be citizens and could be treated as property.
67
What was the significance of the election of 1860?
Abraham Lincoln's victory pushed the nation toward Civil War.
68
What does secession refer to?
The formal withdrawal of a group from a political entity.
69
What is Confederate nationalism?
An ideology emphasizing unity among southern states, state rights, and protection of slavery.
70
What was the Anaconda Plan?
A strategy intended to strangle the Confederacy economically during the Civil War.
71
What is Confederate nationalism?
Significant ideology during/right before Civil War that provided framework for South’s secession from Union. Emphasized state rights, regional pride, and protection of slavery as core ideals.
72
What event caused Lincoln to ask for 75k volunteers to crush rebellion?
The opening fire on Fort Sumter by the South.
73
What was the Anaconda Plan?
Strategy intended to strangle the Confederacy by cutting off access to coastal ports and inland waterways via a naval blockade. Ground troops would enter the interior.
74
Which states are considered border states?
* Delaware * Maryland * Missouri * Kentucky
75
What does the term 'contraband' refer to during the Civil War?
Escaped/freedom-seeking slaves who lived in unsanitary 'contraband camps' and performed drudge work for the war.
76
What was included in the Whig economic package?
* Homestead Act * Land-Grant College Act/Morrill Act * Pacific Railroad Act
77
Describe camp life for soldiers during the Civil War.
Soldiers passed boredom by writing, engaging in drinking, smoking, gambling, and swearing.
78
Who was George B. McClellan?
Union commander over 120k man Army of Potomac, known for his failure to capture Richmond and for running against Lincoln in the election of 1864.
79
What notable event occurred under Robert E. Lee's command in 1863?
Won the Battle of Chancellorsville but sustained major casualties, including the death of 'Stonewall' Jackson.
80
What did the Emancipation Proclamation accomplish?
Freed enslaved people in areas under Confederate control, issued by Abraham Lincoln after the Battle of Antietam.
81
What was the outcome of the Battle of Antietam?
Not a decisive victory for the Union; many soldiers were killed, wounded, or missing.
82
What was the significance of the Battle of Gettysburg?
Bloodiest battle of the war with 51k casualties, resulted in Lee's retreat from Pennsylvania.
83
What was the result of the Battle of Vicksburg?
Union victory that split the Confederacy in two.
84
What were the draft riots of 1863?
Riots in NYC spurred by fears that freed people would take jobs from immigrants.
85
What was Sherman’s March?
A destructive march from Savannah, Georgia to Columbia, South Carolina in 1864.
86
What was the focus of Civil War medicine?
Curing patients rather than preventing disease.
87
What were the characteristics of war widows during the Civil War?
Wore black, mourned for a minimum of 2.5 years, focused on children, and devoted themselves to their husband's memory.
88
What did the Thirteenth Amendment achieve?
Ensured the permanent legal end of slavery.
89
Who was Andrew Johnson?
Vice president nominee for Lincoln, who competed against McClellan.
90
What role did Ulysses S. Grant play during the Civil War?
Led the captures of Forts Henry and Donelson, fought in Vicksburg and Chattanooga, and was promoted to general in chief of the Union army.
91
What were Black Codes?
Laws enacted in the South after the Civil War to restrict the rights and freedoms of African Americans.
92
What did the Fourteenth Amendment guarantee?
Birthright citizenship and equal protection of the laws for anyone born in the US.
93
What was the Freedmen’s Bureau?
Agency aimed to redistribute land to formerly enslaved people, although it didn't last as land was returned to ex-Confederates.
94
What was the American Equal Rights Association?
Merging of the National Women’s Rights Convention and American Anti-Slavery Society to advocate for both black and women's suffrage.
95
What did the Fifteenth Amendment accomplish?
Prohibited discrimination in voting rights based on race, color, or previous status of servitude.
96
What was the role of the Ku Klux Klan?
Terrorist group aiming to stop Black economic mobility by terrorizing freed people and supporters of civil rights.
97
What was sharecropping?
System where farmers borrowed against future crops to purchase supplies, often leading to cycles of debt.
98
What did the Compromise of 1877 entail?
Democrats conceded the presidency to Hayes in exchange for the removal of troops from the South.
99
What is the 'peculiar institution'?
Euphemistic term used by white southerners for slavery.
100
What was the Underground Railroad?
Network assisting escaped slaves in reaching the North, defying Fugitive Slave Acts.
101
Who was Harriet Tubman?
Former slave who helped others escape via the Underground Railroad.
102
What were the Shakers known for?
Protestant sect that established communal settlements based on simplicity, celibacy, and work.
103
What was the Homestead Act?
Allowed male citizens to claim federally owned lands in the West, excluding married women.
104
What was the Sea Islands experiment?
Early Reconstruction effort where formerly enslaved people worked the land for wages and demonstrated the ability to manage land independently.
105
What was the Ten-Percent Plan of Reconstruction?
Plan that allowed a state to rejoin the Union if 10% of its voters swore an oath of allegiance.
106
What did the Tenure of Office Act stipulate?
Law forbidding the president from removing civil officers without senatorial consent.
107
What were carpetbaggers?
Northerners who traveled to the South during Reconstruction.
108
What does 'scalawags' refer to?
Derisive term for white Republicans in the South.

HIST 151 (1 decks)

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