HIST 450 Terms And Concepts Review 1

Question 1

Carbon Dating

Answer 1

A radiometric dating technique that uses the decay of carbon-14 to estimate the age of organic materials, such as wood and leather. When an organism dies the 14 C decays with no possibility of replenishment, the proportion of carbon 14 decreases at a known constant rate. The measurement of the remaining proportion of 14C in organic matter thus gives an estimate of its age.

Question 2

Hunting and Gathering

Answer 2

Most native americans in California were hunters and gatherers. Hunting and gathering was more effective than agriculture, but looked down upon by Europeans, moving around decreased your desire to own things, the two cultures clashed. Hunting and gathering bands population base stayed low because the people moved around a lot. 10,000 B.C.

Question 3

Controlled Burning

Answer 3

Native americans control burned the brush around oak groves, once a year. This practice was used to protect the oak groves, preventing serous forest fires, burt grass would grow back more luck – more food for deer and good for soil.

Question 4

Datura

Answer 4

The native americans used it as a mild hallucinogenic drug. It was used by southern regions, brewed for initiation ceremonies. Remarkable case art produced, intaglios produced probably a result of the datura. jimson weed.

Question 5

Noble Savage

Answer 5

Native americans were stereotyped b the french, the stereotype did not mean savage in a derogatory manner. It was a positive stereotype that meant that there were strong, true and honest. 1700s - 1800s

Question 6

Digger

Answer 6

A derogative stereotype that the americans gave the native americans, like animals digging in the dirt trying to survive. When the americans came to the are they exterminated the Indians, calling them this make it easier for them. 1800s

Question 7

Hernan Cortez

Answer 7

Conqueror of the Aztec empire in central Mexico, chiefly responsible for the European discover of the lower part of what the Spanish untimely called “the Californias”

Question 8

La Malinche

Answer 8

A latin american translator that went with Herman Cortes, she was easily able to learn new languages and translate it to spanish for Cortes. Cortes was able to organize the native americans as allies because of her, she was instrumental in conquering the Aztecs. Born in between Aztec and Mayan. 1500s

Question 9

Juan Cabrillo

Answer 9

Was a spanish explorer who is credited with discovering Alta California. He got up to Point Conception. He was very ambitious, and on his death bed he convinces his men to continue their expedition up the coast without him, they make is all the way up to souther oregon. 1542

Question 10

Las Sergas de Esplandian

Answer 10

A book written in 1500s by Garci Rodriguez de Montalvo, used by spanish sailors. Men would go on adventures and one day was kidnapped an taken to an island called California filled with exotic women and ruled by Queen Califia. Possible where then name of California came from.

Question 11

Sir Francis Drake

Answer 11

Was the first englishman in California. Sailed up the coast of CA and misses SF Bay and finds Point Reyes. 1579

Question 12

The Manila Gallea

Answer 12

Manila was a very convenient gathering point for luxury goods from many parts of east Asia to europe. There was a need for a port of call for the annual manilan galleas.

Question 13

Sebastian R Cermeno

Answer 13

In 1595 Spanish authorities entrusted the galleon to merchant adventurer Sebastian Rodriguez Cermeno, on the condition that the voyage should include an exploration of the California cost in search of the a site for a port of call. He returned withotr finding it.

Question 14

Sebastian Vizcaino

Answer 14

Entrusted with the second voyage, and the command of Manila Gallean afterward. He found monterey bay and over exaggerated it’s potential .

Question 15

The Sacred Expedition - 1769

Answer 15

Portola and Juniperro Serra went together by land and see to get to San Diego. Portola got up to San Francisco but thought it was a lake. They meant to establish a permanent spanish settlement in California, works out, Fort and mission later build at monterey.

Question 16

Jose de Galvez

Answer 16

A brilliant visitor general, who was sent to reorganize Mexico by the spanish king. It was his idea to colonize Alta California. Came up with the idea for the sacred Expedition. 1765

Question 17

Visitor General

Answer 17

A special deputy of the king, wit extraordinary powers overlapping and sometimes transcending those of the viceroy.

Question 18

Gaspar de Portola

Answer 18

A spanish soldier and explorer, who because the founder of San Diego and Monterey. Was in charge of the Sacred Expedition. Was the first european to set eyes on San Francisco bay but didn’t think it was a bay, founded fort / mission at monterey and san diego.

Question 19

Fr. Junipero Serra O.F.M.

Answer 19

A spanish professor who left his job in spain to become a missionary. Accompanies Portola on the sacred expedition. stays in San Diego, founds mission in Alta Ca, used whipping on himself and Native Americans. 1713 - 1784

Question 20

Fr. Maynard F. Geiger O.F.M.

Answer 20

A father who writes about the mission’s innocence. According to him, indians were never forced into the missions, work schedule was supposedly mild and easy. allowed to go home to their families. All based on Estevan Tapis’s works (probably bias). He was important because it is an opinion argument on the conditions of the missions from the standpoint of the church.

Question 21

Fr. Estevan Tapis O.F.M.

Answer 21

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Question 22

Mission at Santa Barbara

Answer 22

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Question 23

Sherbourne F. Cook

Answer 23

Physiologist and analyst of the native american population .Agues that even if the work was lazy, the missions had to be self-reliant (was forced labor), priests thought that native americans were lazy but it was their hunter gathering way of life, whipping was not a typical form of punishment like church liked to believe. He was important because he refutes the ideas of the church, tries to look at the missions system from the native americans point of view. argued that native americans did not convert to christianity, the mission system was the decline of native americans.

Question 24

The Conflict Between White Civilization and the California Indians

Answer 24

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Question 25

Fr. Nicholas Guest O.F.M

Answer 25

Father who refuted cooks arguments, says we are judging the priests from our present day world view, which is not fair. Says that the reasons for forcing the native americans were valid to the priests, they thought they were doing the right thing. He was important because he looked at the mission issues from the perspective of the 18th century priests.

Question 26

Inculpable Ignorance

Answer 26

Europeans came up with this idea to explain how native americans didn’t know about god, why god was letting all these people go to hell. it’s the idea that if you don’t know something is a sin and you do it, it doesn’t count against you. Native americans had to stay at the missions after they knew about god and sins, now they were responsible for their behavior.

Question 27

Jean Francios de la Perouse

Answer 27

A wealthy French count who liked the missionaries and did not like the mission system. he said it reminded him of a west indian slave colony. Might have been bias, was scouting for the french.

Question 28

Richard Henry Dana

Answer 28

An american who visited the missions, wrote Two Years Before the Mast. Writes“what a country this might be if in the hands of an enterprising people”—very American, eights years later CA was in American hands

Question 29

Two Years Before The Mast

Answer 29

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Question 30

Helen Hunt Jackson

Answer 30

An american write who wrote Ramona, with the intention of exposing the governments plan for extermination of the native americans, was suppose to be a good and bad contrast, but the book ended up as just a romanticizing of the missions. The missions made a comeback because of her book.

Question 31

Ramona

Answer 31

Was written by Helen Hunt Jackson, a fictional book about Ramona, an indian princess who fell in love with a Ranchero. 1870s

Question 32

Mission Schlock

Answer 32

A recent commercialization of the mission, companies like Taco Bell, San Diego padres romanticizing the image of the mission, even though the mission were a symbol of oppression.

Question 33

Donner Party

Answer 33

The Donner, Reeds party of 87, who took lansford hasting cutoff an go trapped by a snowstorm by Donner Lake for the winter, snowed in from Nov. to Feb., people survived by eater other who had died. Couldn’t get rescued because everyone was gone for the Mex-Am war, not enough help and bad advice.

Question 34

Lansford Hastings

Answer 34

Wrote a book An Emigrant’s Guide, about an alternative route to California, a route he had never actually taken. Responsible for leading the Donner Party astray. 1840s

Question 35

An Emigrant’s Guide to California

Answer 35

A book by Lansford Hastings, about Hastings Cutoff, thru the Sierras.

Question 36

James Reed

Answer 36

A member of the Donner party, decided that the party should take the hastings cutoff route, got expelled from the group, came back to try to rescue the survivors.

Question 37

Gente sin razon

Answer 37

This is what the spanish classified the native americans as, it means “people without reason”. They saw them as children that needed to be trained, this worked perfectly for the mission system and labor. 1700s and early 1800s

Question 38

John C. Calhoun

Answer 38

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Question 39

Martin Van Buren

Answer 39

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Question 40

James K. Polk

Answer 40

An american president who gets voted in 1845 for saying that states can decide whethre they are slave or free states, determined to get CA, promised it, tried to buy it from Mexico, tries to incite a revolt in Ca, tries to get Mexico to start a fight so US will be “defending” itself. Started the Mexican - American war. Was able to obtain land from Mexico, the treaty of Guadalupe in 1848, 500,000, paid $15 million.

Question 41

Manifest Destiny

Answer 41

The widely held belief that American settlers were destined to expand across the continent.

Question 42

Slidell mission

Answer 42

Polk sent John Slidell on an unsuccessful mission of Mexico with an offer of as mush as $40 million for Upper California and New Mexico.

Question 43

Larkin Intrigue

Answer 43

Larkin was an American consul living in California. Polk sends him a message to try to rouse the Americans to the idea of revolt, polk says he will help if they try to revolt.

Question 44

Stackton-Jones Intrigue

Answer 44

Stockton was one of Polk’s advisors, Jones was the president of Texas. Stockton tells Jones that the Rio Grande has to be the southern border, in order to incite a war with mexico.

Question 45

Taylor Provocation

Answer 45

Zachary Taylor, was the head of the US army. Polk gives Taylor a direct order to go to the Rio Grande to protect the US. Someone fired a shot and it started the Mexican - American war. 1846

Question 46

John C Fremont

Answer 46

Was an intrepid army officer in California, he was not aware of the Mexican - Americacn war was going on in Texas. At the same time he launches the Bear Flag Revolt in Sacramento, marches to San Francisco. 1845 - 46

Question 47

The Bear Flag Revolt

Answer 47

Was led by John C Fremont on June 9, 1846 and lasted three and a half weeks. California revolted against Mexican rule, librate Sonoma ( Vallejo surrenders everything), a total of 6 people killed. California become part of the US after and it contributes to the Mexican - American war.

Question 48

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Answer 48

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Question 49

James Marshall

Answer 49

Was an engineer from New York, who finds gold while scouting out mill for Sutter, near Coloma on the American RIver, in 1848. He was the first person to spot gold, sparks mini gold rush at Sutters’s Fort.

Question 50

John Sutter

Answer 50

Owned a for in Sacramento valley and was building the saw mill that Marshall finds gold at. He helped find the gold and his fort a lot of money in the big Gold Rush. 1848

Question 51

Sam Brannan

Answer 51

Man who “makes” the Gold Rush happen. He was a merchant who stocks up his supply store with mining gear and then goes to San Francisco and shows off the gold he found. California’s first millionaire. May 1848

Question 52

Cholera

Answer 52

Number one cause of death for pioneers and miners on the wagon train to California during the big Gold Rush. Caused by untreated water.

Question 53

Levi Strauss

Answer 53

Was a german immigrant, who made sail cloth jeans for miners out of abandoned ship sails in San Francisco, during he gold rush. Became very wealthy selling supplies to miners.

Question 54

Eureka

Answer 54

“I have found it”

Question 55

3 ways to get to Califonia

Answer 55

The Isthmus of panama. around Cape Horn. or by land.

Question 56

5 major consequences

Answer 56

1 - California becomes an instant state, was never a territory because people moved there so quickly due to the gold rush.
2 - A market for , pulled people out of the gold rush. New form of transportation, clipper ships, rail road,
3 - California develops is own industry - merchants, tourism, .
5 - California’s golden reputation