Histo

Question 1

Components of blood and what is it and its origin

Answer 1

Cells +plasma
Special form of connective tissue
Mesenchyme

Question 2

Functions of blood

Answer 2

Transport nutrients and respiratory gases
Transports waste products to organs and tissues
where they can be recycled or released
Transports hormones
• Transports immune cells throughout the body
Helps regulate body temperature, vasodilation and
vasoconstriction of blood vessels controls heat loss from the body, increased vasodilation leads to increased heat loss
from the body and vice versa.
• Maintains of acid-base and osmotic balance

Question 3

More oxygen less oxygen

Answer 3

Brighter the red
Duller the red

Question 4

The pH of blood is?

Answer 4

Slightly alkaline

Question 5

Test tubes are ?

Answer 5

Pretreated with anticoagulants heparin citrate edta
To reflect its heterogeneity

Question 6

The blood cells are called

Answer 6

formed elements, and this is because they are not formed
within the blood vessels, they are formed in the bone marrow.

Question 7

Why females have a lower hematocrit

Answer 7

Menstruation
The estrogen is a suppressor for the activity of bone marrow

Question 8

Albumin

Answer 8

The most abundant plasma protein
Is made in the liver
Helps maintain the osmotic pressure in
capillaries
Transports steroid hormones and fatty
acids

Question 9

Fibrinogen

Answer 9

The largest plasma protein
Made in liver
Clot formation

Question 10

Leishman stain

Answer 10

Eosin and methylene blue

Question 11

Lifespan of RBCs

Answer 11

120 days
4 months

Question 12

How are RBCs removed

Answer 12

By macrophages of spleen , bone marrow and liver

Question 13

the only organelle we find inside RBCs

Answer 13

Plasma membrane

Question 14

Higher RBCs count

Answer 14

High altitude
Athletes

Question 15

What determines the blood type

Answer 15

Carbohydrates
Glycophorin A

Question 16

Biconcave shape

Answer 16

Higher surface area
Facilitates gas exchange
Flexibility

Question 17

Normochromic rbc

Answer 17

Pale staining in the centre
One third of the diameter

Question 18

Beneath the plasma membrane

Answer 18

Meshwork of proteins spectrin and ankyrin to maintain the cell shape

Question 19

Stacking of RBCs

Answer 19

Rouleaux formation
Slow circulation in infection,cancer,diabetics, varicose veins
Artifact
Surface tension

Question 20

Abnormal sizes

Answer 20

Macrocytic >9mm
Microcytic <6mm
Anisocytosis different sizes

Question 21

Abnormal shapes

Answer 21

Due to changes either in cell membrane or Hb content
Poikilocytes :::
Spherocytes
Sickle cell
Ovalocytes elliptocytes
Dacrocyre tear shape

Question 22

Origin and maturation of rbc wbc

Answer 22

RBCs bone marrow
Wbc bone marrow and lymphoid tissue ,maturation completed in thymus

Question 23

Granulocytes

Answer 23

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

Question 24

Agranulocytes

Answer 24

Lymphocytes
Monocytes

Question 25

Non specific granules

Answer 25

Azurophilic granules Lysosomes Primary granules

Question 26

Types of agranulocytes

Answer 26

Lymphocytes Monocytes

Question 27

Monocytes features Size,cytoplasm color, nucleus shape

Answer 27

argest leukocytes • Bluish cytoplasm (frosted glass appearance) & a large C-shaped nucleus • Highly motile and phagocytic • Travel through bloodstream to reach connective tissues, where they transform into macrophages (large phagocytic cells)

Question 28

All Monocyte derived cells are

Answer 28

Antigen presenting cells

Question 29

Dendritic cells ?

Answer 29

Lymph nodes Spleen

Question 30

Lymphocytes increased number indicates

Answer 30

Viral infections

Question 31

Lymphocytes nucleus and cytoplasm

Answer 31

Round, occupies most of cell volume Light clear blue cuz of free ribosomes

Question 32

In circulation blood there is predominance of

Answer 32

Small inactive lymphocytes

Question 33

How to differentiate between lymphocytes laboratory

Answer 33

Immunohistochemistry ( direct or using cd4 antibody) Flow cytometry facs

Question 34

Why do we use FACS

Answer 34

To identify the origin of some leukemias

Question 35

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes

Answer 35

Kill virus-infected, transplanted and neoplastic cells (adaptive immunity)

Question 36

Helper T cells

Answer 36

Help cytotoxic T cells and B cells in their immune functions

Question 37

Suppressor T lymphocytes

Answer 37

Suppresses immune response to self Ag Suppresses immune response of T and B lymphocytes

Question 38

Damage to a suppressor cell can cause

Answer 38

Autoimmune diseases

Question 39

Memory cells

Answer 39

Basis of vaccination

Question 40

NK and T cells play a role in

Answer 40

Graft rejection

Question 41

MHC1 on surface of all................. coupled to ...........

Answer 41

Nucleated cells A peptide formed within the cell

Question 42

MHC2 ON surface of....... coupled to............

Answer 42

APCs peptide product of proteins the cells had ingested (peptide product of Ag digestion)

Question 43

Antigen presenting cell

Answer 43

Macrophage, dendritic cell, b lymphocyte

Question 44

Thrombocytes

Answer 44

Small non nucleated cytoplasmic fragments, formed by fragmentation of the cytoplasm of megakaryocytes in the bonemarrow Shape biconvex discs

Question 45

Zones of platelets

Answer 45

Outer pale basophilic: hyalomere Central dark granular zone : granulomere

Question 46

Hyalomere

Answer 46

Cytoskeletal elements ➢ Microtubule ➢ Actin filaments Maintain shape and help contractions of platelets and squeezing, clot retraction Membrane channels ➢Open canalicular system ➢Dense tubular system

Question 47

Granulomere

Answer 47

Alpha granules: clotting factors, growth factors Dense (delta) granules: serotonin (absorbed from plasma), ATP,ADP Lambda granules: lysosomes (aid in clot resorption)

Question 48

Types of capillaries

Answer 48

Continuous Fenestrated Sinusoidal

Question 49

Early embryo hematopoeisis

Answer 49

Yolk sac 1st trimester

Question 50

Second trimester

Answer 50

Liver and spleen

Question 51

Third trimester

Answer 51

Bone marrow

Question 52

Erythropoeisis steps

Answer 52

Proerythroblast Basophilic erethroblast Polychromatiphilic erythroblast Normoblast Reticulocyte Mature red blood cell

Question 53

Stages of rbc differentiation are characterised by

Answer 53

Decreasing cell size Progressive loss of organelles

Question 54

Reticulocytes

Answer 54

Supravital dye Extruded nucleus Immature rbc