HISTO Flashcards
(326 cards)
1
Q
beady fibrous vegetations (verrucae)
A
acute rheumatic fever
2
Q
aschoff bodies (small giant cell granulomas)
A
acute rheumatic fever
3
Q
anitschkov myocytes (regenerating myocytes)
A
acute rheumatic fever
4
Q
whirls of shed epithelium- curschmann spirals
A
asthma
5
Q
charcot leyden crystals
A
asthma
6
Q
AR mutation/ F508 del
A
CF
7
Q
ground glass/honeycomb appearance of lungs on CT CAP
A
interstitial lung disease
8
Q
interstitial pneumonitis
A
atypical pneumonia
9
Q
rust coloured sputum in context of pneumonia
A
streptococcus pneumoniae
10
Q
what are the 4 stages of lobar pneumonia
A
- consolidation
- red hepatisation-neutrophilia
- grey hepatisation- fibrosis
- resolution
11
Q
what lung cancer is associated with paraneoplastic syndrome secreting PTHrp?
A
squamous cell carcinoma
12
Q
what lung cancer has the strongest association with smoking?
A
squamous cell carcinoma
13
Q
oat cells
A
small cell lung cancer
14
Q
what lung cancer is associated with paraneoplastic syndrome secreting ADH (SIADH) and ACTH (cushings)?
A
small call
15
Q
whats the most important prognostic factor in lung cancer?
A
staging
16
Q
where does mesothelioma arise from?
A
parietal or visceral pleura
17
Q
iron laden macrophages
A
pulmonary oedema
18
Q
white out of lung fields
A
diffuse airway disease eg ARDS
19
Q
signet ring cells in a ovarian tumor
A
krukenbergs tumor
20
Q
skip lesions
A
crohns
21
Q
cobblestone appearance
A
crohns
22
Q
non caseating granuloma
A
sarcoidosis
crohns
23
Q
apthous ulcer
A
crohns
24
Q
rosethorn ulcer
A
crohns
25
caseating granuloma
TB
26
backwash ilietis
UC
27
smoking is protective
ovarian cancer
UC
28
pseudopolyps
UC
29
5-ASA
UC
30
name a 5-ASA
mesalazine
31
4 cs of c diff
ciprofloxacin
cephalosporins
clindamycin
coamox
32
porcelain gallbladder
chronic cholecystitis
33
what does liver make
fatty acids
amino acids
glucose
albumin
fibrinogen
clotting factors
oestrogen
glucocorticoids
bile
34
how much bile does liver make daily
600-1000ml
35
what does liver metabolise
drugs
insulin
GH
PTH
36
what does liver store
glycogen
vitamins ADEK some B12
folate
iron
copper
37
liver phagocytes
kuppfer cells
38
what cells in liver make fibrinogen?
stellate
39
where in liver are stellate cells found
space of disse
40
spotty necrosis
acute hepatitis
41
piecemeal necrosis
chronic hepatitis
42
cirrhotic liver
hepatocyte necrosis
fibrosis
nodular regeneration
disturbance of vascular architecture
43
haemochromotosis gene and chr
HFE gene
chr 6
44
wilsons gene and chr
ATP7B gene
chr 13
45
size of macro vs micro nodular hepatic cirrhosis
micro= nodules <3mm
macro= nodules >3mm
46
major causes of cirrhosis
alcohol liver disease
NAFLD
chronic viral hep (b and c)
47
score used for hepatic cirrhosis severity
child pugh
48
components of child pugh score
albumin
PT
encephalopathy
ascites
bilirubin
49
steatosis
fat droplets in heaptocytes- fatty liver
50
hepatocyte balooning
alcoholic hepatitis
51
mallory denk bodies
alcoholic hepatitis
52
micronodular cirrhosis in liver
alcoholic cirrhosis
53
autoimmune hepatitis cells
plasma cells
54
antibodies for type 1 autoimmine hep
ANA
anti smooth muscle
55
antibodies for type 2 autoimmine hep
anti LKG Ig
56
structure affected in PBC
intrahepatic bile ducts
57
structure affected in PSC
extra and intrahepatic bile ducts
58
anti mitochondrial antibodies
PBC
59
bile duct loss with granulomas
PBC
60
pANCA
PSC
61
PSC assoc w what condition
IBD
62
bile duct dilatation US
PSC
63
ERCP beading of bile ducts
PSC
64
onion skinning fibrosis
PSC
65
what condition increases risk of cholangiocarcinoma
PSC
66
inheritance pattern of haemochromatosis
autosomal recessive
67
inheritance pattern of wilsons
autosomal recessive
68
inheritance pattern of alpha 1 antitripsin
autosomal dominant
69
haemochromatosis stain
prussian blue
70
wilsons stain
rhodanine- copper
71
alpha 1 antitripsin stain
periodic acid schiff- intracytoplasmic globules of A1AT
72
kayser fleischer rings
wilsons
73
haemochromatosis mx
venesection
desferrioxamine
74
wilsons mx
penicillamine
75
alfatoxin B1
hepatocellular carcinoma
76
most common liver tumor
secondary met
77
cholangiocarcinoma type of cancer
adenocarcinoma
78
marker for hepatocellcular carcinoma
alpha fetoprotein
79
liver cancer assoc w OCP
benign hepatic adenoma
80
scoring system for prostate cancer
gleason
81
most common type of urinary stone
calcium oxalate
82
most common form of prostate cancer
adenocarcinoma
83
most common renal malignancy
renal call carcinoma
84
frond like growths
renal transitional cell carcinoma
85
childhood renal tumor
wilms tumor/nephroblastoma
86
most common bladder tumor
transitional cell tumor
87
renal electron mircroscopy: loss of podocyte foot processes, immunofluoresence nothing
minimal change disease
focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
88
renal electron mircroscopy: loss of podocyte foot processes, immunofluoresence immune complex deposition all along GBM
membranous glomerulonephropathy
89
kimmelstiel wilson nodules
diabetes mellitus nephropathy
90
pancreatic tumor mx
whipples to resent
folfirinox chemo pall
91
portal triad
bile duct
hepatic artery
hepatic portal vein
92
liver enzyme raised in MI
aspartate aminotransferase
93
anti GBM antibodies
good pastures syndrome
type 1 cresenteric glomerulonephropathy
nephritic syndrome
94
wegeners granulomatosis
cANCA
type 3 cresenteric glomerulonephropathy
nephritic syndrome
95
microscopic polyangitis
pANCA
type 3 cresenteric glomerulonephropathy
nephritic syndrome
96
alport syndrome
type IV collagen 5 alpha chain mutation
x linked
nephritic syndrome
sensorineural deafness
eye disorders
97
organism commonly causing pyelonephritis
e coli
98
location of thrombi in HUS vs TTP
HUS= only kidneys
TTP= systemic
99
HUS traid
MAHA
thrombocytopenia
renal failure
100
TTP pentad
MAHA
thrombocytopenia
renal failure
fever
neurological sx
101
coombs test and blood film in HUS/TTP
coombs test negative (not autoimmune)
film= shistocytes
102
gene associated with TTP and its effect
ADAMTS13
usually cleaves vWF so lack of this= clots
103
illness before HUS
e coli diarrhoea in kids
104
renal causes of acute renal failure
acute tubular necrosis (most common)
acute glomerulonephritis
thrombotic microangiopathy
105
CKD GFR stages
5= >90
4= 60-89
3= 30-59
4= 15-29
5= <15 or on renal replacement therapy
106
most common cause of CKD in UK
diabetes
107
wire loop capillaries, complement deposition in lumpy bumpy granular deposits
lupus nephritis
108
waxy casts in urine
CKD
109
thick basement membrane with spike and dome appearance
membranous glomerulonephritis
110
inheritance pattern of benign familial haematuria
autosomal dominant
111
violin string peri hepatic inflammation
fitz hugh curtis
112
powder burns
endometriosis
113
chocolate cysts
endometriomas in endometriosis
114
uterus in adenomyosis
bulky and globular
115
where does endometrial tissue grow in adenomyosis
myometrium
116
types of fibroid
subserosal
submucosal
intramural
117
2 categories of endometrial cancer and how they differ
endometriod= oestrogen dependant
non endometriod= non oestrogen dependant
118
most common type of ovarian cancer
epithelial
119
ovarian cancer epithelial cells and psamomma bodies
epithelial benign serous cystadenoma
120
pseudomyxoma peritonei
appendicitis tumor that migrates to ovaries, epithelial benign mucinous cystadenoma
121
ovarian cancer tubular glands
epithelial malignant endometriod
122
ovarian cancer clear cells, clear glands, hobnail appearance
epithelial malignant clear cell
123
ovarian cancer call exner bodies
sex cord granulose/theca cell
124
ovarian cancer meigs syndrome
sex cord fibroma
125
ovarian cancer mucin producing signet ring cells
krukenbergs tumor
126
FIGO staging endometrial cancer
1= confined to uterus
2= spread to cervix
3= spread to pelvis
4= spread to bladder/bowel/distant
127
FIGO staging ovarian cancer
1= confined to ovary
2= confined to pelvis
3= confined to abdomen
4= mets past abdomen
128
ovarian cyst common in pregnancy
corpus luteal
129
most common ovarian cyst
follicular
130
cervix covered by what cells
squamous epitheium
131
endocervical canal covered by what cells
columnar epithelium
132
area in cervix where squamous epithelial cells transform to columnar
transformational zone
133
what separates squamous epithelium area from columnar on cervix
squamo-columnar junction (SCJ)
134
how does HPV cause cancer
encodes e6 and e7 which inactivate tumor supressor genes
e6= inactivates p53
e7= inactivates rb (retinobalstoma)
135
FIGO staging cervical cancer
0=CIN
1=only cervix
2=upper 1/3 vagina
3= lower 1/3 vagina/ pelvic side wall
4= mets beyond pelvis
136
breast cytology c1-c5
1= inadequate
2= benign
3= atypia
4= risk of malignancy
5= malignant
137
how is cytology vs histology obtained for breast assessment
cytology= fine needle aspiration
histology= core biopsy
138
breast histology B5a vs B5b
B5a= DCIS
B5b= invasive carcinoma
139
abundance of neutrophils breast inflammation
mastitis
140
giant cells, histiocytes, empty fat spaces, painless breast inflammation
fat necrosis
141
mobile breast mouse lump
fibroadenoma
142
breast lump with discharge and inflammation/abscess
duct ectasia
143
nipple discharge has proteinaceous material and macrophages
duct ectasia
144
breast papillary mass in a dilated duct lined by epithelium
intraductal papilloma
145
breast central fibrous stellate area
radial scar
146
breast branching leaf like fronds, artichoke appearance
phyllodes tumor
147
breast dilated large ducts that may be calcified
fibrocystic disease
148
breast screening programme
47-73 yrs old every 3 yrs
149
breast big pleiomorphic cells
invasive ductal carcinoma
150
invasive breast carcinomas
ductal
tubal
lobular
mucin producing
151
breast cancer grading categories
nuclear pleomorphism
tubular formation
mitotic activity
152
breast cancer grading scores
grade 1= well differentiated <5/9
grade 2= moderately differentiated 6-7/9
grade 3= poorly differentiated 8-9/9
153
ER/PR +ve breast cancer is responsive to and prognosis is
responds to tamoxifen
good prognosis
154
most important breast cancer prognostic factor
spread to axillary lymph nodes
155
ER/PR +ve HER2 -ve mx with
tamoxifen
156
ER/PR -ve HER2 +ve mx with
herceptin
157
tamoxifen moa
oestrogen agonist and antagonist mixed
158
herceptin moa
monoclonal antibofy to HER2
159
commonest blood vessel affected in stroke
MCA
160
common site of intraparenchymal haemorrhage
basal ganglia
161
hyperattenuation around circle of willis
SAH
162
lemon shaped head haemorrhage
extradural
163
banana shaped head haemorrhage
subdural
164
most common vessel affected in extradural haemorrhage
middle meningeal artery
165
straw coloured fluid in CSF and battles sign
skull fracture
166
commonest cause of coma
diffuse axonal injury
167
brain tumor fried egg appearance cell origin
oligodendrocytes
168
brain tumor ventricular, hydrocephalus cell origin
ependyma
169
imaging for brain tumors
MRI
170
what lobe does HSV encephalitis affect
temporal
171
dementia definition
global impairment of cognitive function and personality without altered level of consciousness beyond what is expected of normal aging
172
agnosia
inability to recognise
173
aphasia
language disorder (recepetive or expressive)
174
apraxia
inability to carry out tasks
175
alzheimers histology
senile plaques of beta amyloid
tau protein neurofibrillary tangles
176
dementias most to least common
alzheimers
vascular
lewy body
frontotemporal
177
lobes of brain most affected in alzheimers
frontal and temporal
178
frontotemporal dementia other name
picks disease
179
frontotemporal dementia histology
pick bodies= hyperphosphorylated tau
180
frontotemporal dementia mutation
hypogranulin gene
181
protein mutated in parkinsons
alpha synuclein
182
protein affected in lewy body dementia
alpha synuclein
183
parkinsons cardinal signs
TRAP
tremore
rigidity
akinesia
postural instability
184
cannibalism prion disease
kuru
185
rapid <1yr decline prion disease
creutzfeldt jakobs
186
prion disease brain histology
spongiform changes
prion protein deposition
187
what condition do bone changes in secondary hyperparathyroidism mimic
osteitis fibrosa cystica
188
condition synonymous with osteomalacia
rickets
189
loosers zones
osteomalacia
190
browns tumors
primary hyperparathyroidism
191
salt and pepper skull
primary hyperparathyroidism
192
calcium, phosphate, ALP level in osteomalacia
calcium normal
phosphate low
ALP high
193
huge osteoclasts w mosaic pattern on histology
pagets disease
194
osteoporosis circumscripta/ cotton wool skull
pagets disease
195
picture frame ivory vertebrae
pagets disease
196
slcerosis and lucency of pelvis
pagets disease
197
high Ca high PTH condition vs
low Ca high PTH condition
high ca high pth= primary hyperparathyroidism
low ca high PTH= renal osteodystrophy (secondary hyperparathyroidism with inability to increase calcium)
198
gout crystals
urate
needle shaped
negatively birefringent (needles looks like -)
199
pseudogout
calcium pyrophosphate
rhomboid shaped
positively birefringent
200
rat bite erosions
gout
201
white lines of chondrocalcinosis
pseudogout
202
adult osteomyelitis organism
staph aureus
203
child osteomyelitis organism
HIB
GBS
204
sickle cell osteomyelitis organism
salmonella
205
immunocompromised osteomyelitis organism
TB
206
congenital osteomyelitis organism
syphyllis
207
x ray changes osteomyelitis
early= periosteal bone formation
after 10 days= lytic bone destruction
208
heberdeens and bouchards nodes
osteoarthritis
209
herdeens and bouchards nodes affect which joints
heberdeens=DIPJ
bouchards=PIPJ
210
osteoarthritis x ray
LOSS
loss of joint space
osteophytes
subchondral sclerosis
subchondral cysts
211
what joint is spared in rheumatoid arthritis
DIPJ
212
swan neck and boutonnieres deformity joints flexed/extended
swan neck= hyperextension of PIPJ and hyperflexion of DIPJ
boutonnieres= flexion of PIPJ and extension of DIPJ
213
features of rheumatoid arthritis
z thumb
radial deviation of wrist
ulnar deviation of fingers
heberdeen and boutonnieres nodules
214
histopathology of rheumatoid arthritis
thickening and proliferation of synovial membrane
215
antibodies for rheumatoid arthritis
anti RF
anti CCP (more accurate)
216
gout mx
colchicine
allopurinol long term
217
pseudogout mx
NSAIDs or intra articular steroids
218
osteoarthritis joint
hips
knees
vertebrae
219
acute periosteal reaction- codmans triangle, onion skin, sunburst
malignant bone disease
220
malignant cells in osetosarcoma
mesenchymal cells
221
fluffy calcification of bone
chondrosarcoma
222
kids vs adult bone cancer
kids= osteosarcoma
adults= chondrosarcoma
223
onion skinning of periosteum
ewings sarcoma
224
sheets of small round cells bone cancer
ewings sarcoma
225
central nidus, sclerotic rim, bullseye
osteiod osteoma
226
cotton wool and popcorn calcification
enchondroma
227
most common benign bone tumor
osteochondroma
228
mushroom bony outgrowth
osteochondroma
229
soap bubble osteolysis
shepherds crook deformity
fibrous dysplasia
230
mccune albright sydnrome
bone dysplasia
cafe au lait spots
precocious puberty
231
layers of skin +pneumonic
come lets get some beers
corneum
lucindun
granulosum
spinosum
basale
232
seborrhoeic dermatitis pathogen involved
yeast
malasezzia furfur
233
atopic dermatitis children vs adults
children= extensor, face, trunk
older= flexural
234
atopic dermatitis is a type x hypersensitivity reaction
IV
235
parakeratosis
psoriasis
236
munroes micoabscesses
psoriasis
237
test tubes in a rack
psoriasis
238
psoriasis is a type x hypersensitivity reaction with x cell involvement
IV
T
239
ausptiz sign
psoriasis
rubbing plauqes causes bleeding
240
most common type of psoriasis
chronic plaque psoriasis
241
arthritis mutilans (telescoping)
psoriasis
242
guttate psoriasis preceeded by
group A strep infection
243
emergency type psoriasis
pustular
244
wickhams striae
lichen planus
245
rash in inside of wrist
lichen planus
246
hyperkeratinosis with saw toothing of rete ridges
lichen planus
247
civette bodies
lichen planus
248
nikolsky sign positive
steven johnsons syndrome
toxic epidermal necrosis
249
bullous pemphigoid vs pemphigoid vulgaris
bullous pemphigoid= subepidermal bullae, linear deposition of IgG
pemphigoid vulgaris= intraepidermal bullae, intracellular IgG deposits
250
dermatitis herpetiformis is associated with which immunoglobulin
IgA
251
dermatitis herpetiformis is associated with which condition
coeliacs
252
hemisdesmosomes
bullous pemphigoid
253
what condition precedes malignant squamous cell carcinoma
bowens disease
doesnt cross basement membrane
red and scaly in sun exposed areas
254
rodent ulcer
basal cell carcinoma
255
buckshot appearance
melanocytic carcinoma
256
most common melanocytic carcinoma
superficial spreading
257
best prognostic factor for melanocytic carcinoma
breslow thickness
258
herald patch salmon pink rash, spread in christmas tree distribution
pityriasis rosa
259
what type of cells comprise a granuloma
macrophages
260
SLE is a type x hypersensitivity reaction
3
261
SLE gene
HLA BR3
262
SLE antibodies
ANA +ve
anti sm
anti dsDNA
anti histone
263
wire loop capillaries
SLE
264
diagnostic criteria for SLE
SOAP BRAIN MD
serositis
oral ulcer
arthritis
photosensitivity
blood disorders
renal impairment
ANA+ve
immune: anti sm/dsDNA/histone
neuro sx
malar rash
discoid rash
265
scleroderma gene
HLA BR5
266
limited scleroderma other name
CREST
267
CREST antibody
anti centromere
268
diffuse scleroderma antibody
anti scl 70
aka anti topoisomerase II
269
onion skin thickening of arterioles
CREST
270
CREST features
distal skin involvement only (CREST):
calcinosis
raynauds
eosophageal dysmotility
sclerodactyly
telangiectasia
271
poly/dermatomyositis antibody
anti jo1
272
polymyositis assoc cancer
ovarian
pancreatic
NHL
273
dermatomyositis assoc cancer
lung
bladder NHL
274
heliotrope rash
grottons papules
dermatomyositis
275
pulseless vasculitide
takayasus arteritis
276
temporal arteritis mx
prednisolone immediately
277
string of pearls/ rose beads on angiography vasculitide
polyarteritis nodosa
278
corckscrew appearance angiogram vasculitis
beurgers disease
279
vasculitide common in smokers
beurgers disease
280
granulomatosis with polyangitis triad
1= lower resp tract sx= pulmonary haemorrhage
2= upper resp tract sx= saddle nose
3= kidneys= cresenteric glomerulonephritis
281
apple green birifringence with congo red stain under polarised light
amyloidosis
282
schaumann and asteroid bodies
sarcoidosis
283
what is raised in bloods in sarcoidosis
calcium
ACE
284
sarcoidosis mx
steroids
285
rhodamine auramine stain
bright yellow +ve for TB
286
rhodadine stain
+ve for copper Wilsons disease
golden brown against blue counterstain
287
ziehl neelson
+ve for acid fast bacilli TB
288
modified kinyoung acid fast stain
+ve for cryptosproridium parvum
289
prussian blue stain
+ve for haemochromatosis
290
fontana stain
+ve for melanin in melanoma
291
gomories methanamine stain
flying saucer shaped cysts in pneumocystic jirovecci
292
giemsa stain
cytoplasmic inclusions in chlamydia psitacci
293
fite stain
+ve for mycobacterium leprae
294
cytokeratin
+ve for epithelial cells in carcinoma
295
perls stain
+ve for iron in haemochromatosis
296
CD45 stain
+ve for lymphocytes
297
india ink stain
yeast cells surrounded by halos in cryptococcus neoformans
298
what enzyme raised x10 suggests viral hep
alkaline aminotransferase
299
pancreatic cancer marker
carbohydrate antigen 19-9
300
caricinoid syndrome is caused by increase in what neurotransmitter
serotonin
301
oat cells in what cancer
SCLC
302
delta cells in pancreas produce what
somatostatin
303
stain for haemochromatosis
prussian blue
304
prostate cancer chemo drug
docetaxel
305
anti mitochondrial antibody and raised alp
primary biliary cholangitis
306
wilsons disease mx
zinc
trietine
307
what liver enzyme is raised in obstructive jaundice
alkaline phosphatase
308
common type of bladder cancer
transitional cell carcinoma
309
e coli strain causing HUS in kids who played with farm animals
0157:H7
310
cancer stain
haemotoxylin and eosin
311
lft for hepatic ischaemia
alanine aminotransferase
312
rhabomyolysis protein found
myoglobin
313
nail sign graves disease
thyroid acropachy
314
muddy brown casts in urine
acute tubular necrosis
315
copd is comprised of
emphysema
chronic bronchitis
316
SCLC paraneoplastic syndrome
SIADH
317
most common breast cancer
invasive ductal carcinoma
318
waxy casts in urine
CKD
319
thickening of the glomerular basement membrane, scarring, and antibody complex and complement deposits
focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
320
focal segmental glomerulosclerosis is associated with what condition
t2dm
321
features of IgA nephropathy
viral infection (sore throat)
coca cola coloured urine
non blanching rash on legs
nephritic syndrome
322
in a uti density on ct kub is due to
magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite)
323
young man with liver failure plus parkinsonism
wilsons disease
324
white cell casts in urine
acute interstitial nephritis
325
enzyme that causes production of staghorn calculi
urease
326
