Histo

Question 1

What is a reticulocyte?

Answer 1

Immature from of an erythrocyte, also the point in maturation where the nucleus disappears.

Question 2

What can cause a RBC spherocyte morphology?

Answer 2

Deficiency of Spectrin
or
Unstanble Ankyrin

Question 3

What can cause an Aconthocyte morphology?

Answer 3

Increase in the cholesterol:phospholipid ratio of the outer leaflet of the RBC membrane (lipid bilayer). Irreversible and indicative of liver disease.

Question 4

What can cause an Echinocyte morphology?

Answer 4

Reversible expansion of outer leaflet of the RBC lipid bilayer.

Question 5

What can cause an RBC Target Cell morphology?

Answer 5

Increase in the cholesterol:phospholipid ratio of the outer leaflet of the RBC membrane (lipid bilayer). Indicative of severe liver disease.

Question 6

What can cause a Stomatocyte RBC morphology?

Answer 6

Expansion of the inner leaflet of the lipid bilayer. Can be cause by liver disease or a is hereditary.

Question 7

What can cause a Dakryocyte RBC morphology?

Answer 7

Teardrop cell, due to membrane damage during maturation in a crowded bone marrow environment.

Question 8

What causes elliptocyte RBC morphology?

Answer 8

Abnormalities of cell membrane proteins.

Question 9

What causes Sickle cell disease?

Answer 9

Hereditary beta-globin chain mutation of valine to glutamate at position 6

Question 10

What are contained in WBC azurophilic (primary) granules?

Answer 10

Lysosomes

Question 11

What are contained in Neutrophil Secondary granules?

Answer 11

Type IV collagenase, phospholipidase
Complement Activators
Lysosime

Question 12

What is contained in Neutrophil Tertiary Granules?

Answer 12

Phosphatase

Metalloprotease

Question 13

What cell type and mediators allow neutrophils to migrate through capillary endothelium and to the site of injury?

Answer 13

Mast Cell

release histamine and heparin

Question 14

What two things are contained in eosinophil specific granules?

Answer 14

Cristalloid Body: major basic protein
Granule Matrix

Both contain chemicals cytotoxic to protozoans and worms

Question 15

What is contained in the basophil specific granules.

Answer 15

Heparin Sulfate
Histamine: vasodilation
SRS-A: vasodilation

Question 16

Surface marker on basophils that signals B cells make more IgE.

Answer 16

CD40L

-binds with CD40 receptor on B lymphocytes

Question 17

Main 3 surface markers of B lymphocytes.

Answer 17

CD10
CD19
CD79

Question 18

2 Antibodies expressed by B cells.

Answer 18

IgM (released into circulation)

IgD (bound to membrane)

Question 19

3 surface markers expressed by all T lymphocytes.

Answer 19

CD2
CD3
CD7

Question 20

Surface makers expressed by:
Cytotoxic T cells
Helper T cells
Supressor T cells (2)

Answer 20

Cytotoxic: CD8
Helper: CD4
Supressor: CD8 and CD45RA+

Question 21

Surface marker expressed by NK cells.

Answer 21

CD56

Question 22

Name given to a macrophage (monocyte that has migrated to a specific tissue) once it has engulfed an antigen and become an Antigen Presenting Cell (APC).

Answer 22

Dendritic Cell

Question 23

Main source of RBCs in the 1st 3 months of gestation.

Answer 23

Yolk Sac

Question 24

Main source of RBCs during months 3-6 of gestation.

Answer 24

Liver

Question 25

List the order of progression of the CFU-E lineage. (erythrocyte)

Answer 25

``` Pro-erythroblast basophil erythroblast polychromatophil erythroblast Normoblast reticulocyte erythrocyte ```

Question 26

List the order of the progression of the CFU-Ba, Eo, M lineages. (basophil, eosinophil, monocyte)

Answer 26

``` Myeloblast Promyelocyte Myelocyte (first stage where all 3 can be differentiated based on granules) Metamyelocyte (bean shaped nucleus) Band Granulocyte Mature granulocyte ```

Question 27

What develops from the megakaryocyte lineage?

Answer 27

Large white blood cells form with a huge amount of cytoplasm. This cytoplasm eventually fragments into platelets.

Question 28

From which lineage is each type of lymphocyte derived?

Answer 28

CFU-B: B cells CFU-L: multipotent lymphocytes or NK cells CFU-T: all T cells and NK cells

Question 29

What is positive and negative selection of T lymphocytes in the thymus?

Answer 29

Positive Selection: process that checks which T cells actually function by exposing them to antigens (regardless if they are self antigens). Negative Selections: takes those T cells that pass thru positive selection and only allows survival of those T cells that don't recognize self antigens. (prevents autoimmune reactions)