Histo Digestive Glands Flashcards
(117 cards)
1
Q
What makes up the exocrine pancreas?
A
pancreatic acinar cells and centroacinar cells
2
Q
What do pancreatic acinar cells do?
A
produce, store, release digestive enzymes
produce trypsin inhibitor
release of enzymes effected by hormones and parasympathetic innervation
3
Q
What protects the cell from intracellular activation of trypsin?
A
trypsin inhibitor (secreted by acinar cells)
4
Q
What are modified intercalated duct cells?
A
centroacinar cells
5
Q
What are located within the acinus?
A
centroacinar cells
6
Q
What do centroacinar cells produce?
A
bicarb (rich buffer, adjusts acidic chyme to optimal pH for major pancreatic enzymes)
7
Q
In the exocrine pancreas, only (blank) are present
A
serous acini
8
Q
A unique feature of the pancreatic acinus is the presence of (blank)
A
squamos-to-cuboidal epithelial centroacinar cells
9
Q
(blank) are in contact with the acinar lumen, and the apical domain of the serous acinar cells in continuity with the intercalated duct.
A
centroacinar cells
10
Q
centroacinar cells are in contact with the acinar lumen, and the apical domain of the serous acinar cells is in continuity with the (blank)
A
intercalated duct
11
Q
Striated ducts and myoepithelial cells are (blank) in the exocrine pancreas
A
not present
12
Q
parietal cells have intracellular (blank) for protection
A
canliculi
13
Q
Where are all the pancreatic enzymes located?
A
in zymogen granules
14
Q
What are the groupings of cells found in the endocrine pancreas?
A
islets of langerhans (scattered among the exocrine secretory acini)
15
Q
What are the principal cell types in the pancreatic islets?
A
alpha cells (glucagon) beta cells (insulin) delta cells (somatostatin)
16
Q
What do the alpha cells of the pancreatic islet secrete?
A
glucagon
17
Q
What do the beta cells of the pancreatic islet secrete?
A
insulin
18
Q
What do the delta cells of the pancreatic islet secrete?
A
somatostatin
19
Q
What is the most abundant cell type in the endocrine pancreas?
A
beta cells
20
Q
What are the three minor cell types found in the pancreatic islet?
A
PP cell (F cell)
D 1 cell
EC cell
21
Q
What stimulate gastric chief cells, inhibits bile secretion and intestinal motility, inhibits pancreatic enzymes and HCO3- secretion?
A
Pancreatic polypeptide
22
Q
What secretes pancreatic polypeptide?
A
PP cell (F cell)
23
Q
What secrete vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)?
A
D-1 cell
24
Q
Where are D1 cells also found other than the pancreatic islets?
A
in exocrine acini and duct epithelium
25
What acts similiarly to glucagon and also affects secretory activity and motility in gut; simulates pancreatic exocrine secretion?
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP)
26
What secretes; secretin, motilin, and substance P?
EC cells
27
What acts locally to stimulate HCO3 secretion in pancreatic juice and pancreatic enzyme secretion?
secretin
28
What increases gastric and intestinal motility?
motilin
29
What has neurotransmitter properties and is secreted by EC cell?
substance P
30
Where else can you find EC cells other than in pancreatic islet?
in exocrine acini and duct epithelium
31
What do all the endocrine pancreatic cells have in common?
they stimulate pancreatic exocrine secretion
32
Which of the principle endocrine pancreas cells are the biggest?
alpha cells
33
Are there reticular fibers in an islet of langerhans?
yes!
34
Inactive proenzymes are synthesized in the rough endoplastic reticulum of the (blank).
pancreatic acinar cells
35
Inactive proenzymes are transferred from rough ER to Golgi where they are concentrated in (blank)
vesicles (zymogen granules)
36
The secretion of pancreatic enzymes is controlled by what 2 things? )
```
peptides secreted by enteroendocrine cells (in duodenum)
peptide hormones (made in endocrine pancreas; islet of langerhans)
```
37
What is the dual blood supply to the pancreatic acinar cell?
acinar and insuloacinar vascular systems
38
Each islet of Langerhans is supplied by afferent arterioles forming a network of capillaries lined by fenestrated endothelial cells. This network is called the (Blank)
insuloacinar portal system
39
How does the insuloacinar portal system supply the pancreatic acinar cells?
This is a network of capillaries that provides blood to the endocrine pancrease (islet) and then feeds down into the exocrine pancrease (acinus). It is through this that the endocrine pancreas can have a metabolic effect on the exocrine pancreas
40
What is the acinar vascular system?
an independent arterial system that supplies the pancreatic acini
41
How does the pancreatic acinus prevent leakage of pancreatic enzymes into the intercellular space?
apical tight junctions
42
What kind of an organ is the liver; exocrine or endocrine?
BOTH :)
43
What detoxifies toxins and drugs?
liver
44
Does the liver have a lot of connective tissue?
no
45
What makes up the liver?
plates of hepatocytes
46
What is the duel blood supply to the liver?
hepatic arteries
| portal vein
47
Blood leaves the liver via (blank)
hepatic veins
48
Bile flows (blank) to blood flow
countercurrent
49
WHere does bile flow into?
the hepatic duct
50
What are hexagon-shaped classic lobules?
human hepatocytes
51
(blank) is where three classic lobules join each other.
portal area
52
What is within a portal area?
hepatic artery
portal vein
interlobular bile duct
lymphatic vessels
53
Each lobule has a central (blank) which drains blood from every sinusoid of that lobule
vein
54
Where do the central veins of each hepatic lobule flow into?
flows to sublobular vein into hepatic vein
55
What are the three basic concepts of lobules?
classic liver lobule
portal lobule
liver acinus
56
What is the classic liver lobule?
blood flows from the periphery to central vein
bile enters bile canaliculi and flows from the center to periphery
(contains a central venule and components of the portal triad at the angles)
57
What is a portal lobule?
triangular region whose center is the portal area, emphasizes the exocrine functions of the liver.
58
What is the liver acinus?
the three zones surrounding a distrubuting artery in the center (based on blood flow)
59
What zone of the liver acinus is this:
| closest to central vein, most oxygen poor of the three zones and has role in detoxification?
Zone 3
60
What zone of the liver acinus is this:
| richest in oxyen. Hepatocytes synthesize actively glycogen and plasma proteins.
Zone 1
61
(blank) are susceptible to damage caused by hypoxia
hepatocytes
62
A (blank) includes portions of those lobules whose bile canaliculi drain into the same bile duct. THe boundaries of this are the central veins of three classic lobules. The center of this is the bile duct collecting the bile from all canaliculi.
portal lobule
63
The direction of arterial flow determines a metabolic gradient from the periportal space near the portal triad or zone (blank) to the zone of drainage or zone (blank)
1
| 3
64
The (blank) is the structural unit that provides the best correlation between blood perfusion, metabolic activity, and liver pathology.
liver acinus
65
What zone is first to receive 02, nutrients, toxins?
Zone 1
66
What zone is first to show ischemic necrosis as in cardiac cirrhosis?
zone 3
67
What zone is first to show signs of morpholoical changes after bile duct occlusion?
ZOne 1
68
What zone is the last to die in ischemia and first to regenerate?
zone 1
69
What zone is first to show fat accumulation, and centrolobular necrosis due to hypoxia in CHF?
Zone 3
70
centrilobular necrosis due to hypoxia is referred as (blank)
cardiac cirrhosis
71
(Blank) each zone is different
metabolically
72
Which zone has the most oxygen, extrahepatic hormones, key glucose liberating enzymes, key fatty-acid oxidation enzymes?
Zone 1
73
Which zone has the most key glycolysis enzymes, and key fatty acid synthesizing enzymes?
zone 3
74
Describe the organelles within the hepatocyte
```
abundance of:
free ribosomes
Rough ER,
golgi apparatus
mito
lysosomes, endosomes, peroxisomes
```
75
Where are several sets of large golgi located in hepatocytes?
bile canalicli
76
Where is the highest concentration of SER?
zone 3
77
What increase in the presence of drugs and toxins?
SER
78
What is the site of detoxification usually inactivated by methylation, conjugation or oxidation?
SER
79
Where does detoxification sometimes occur other than SER?
peroxisomes
80
the (blank) in hepatocytes is involved in the synthesis of plasma proteins; albumin, coaglation factors, and binding proteins for hormones and growth factors in blood circulation
RER
81
THe (Blank) in hepatocytes is developed and is always associated with clusters of glycogen molecules forming rosette-like inclusions. Stored glycogen in hepatocytes represents a glucose reserve for the maintenance of sugar concentrations in blood.
SER
82
What will you find in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes?
glycogen
83
(blank),a major product of hepatocytes,maintains plasma oncotic pressure. A decrease of this in a liver disease causes edema and ascites.
Albumin
84
(blank) is associated with liver failure
bleeding
85
What are the two domains of hepatocytes?
lateral and sinusoidal
86
What is the lateral (apical) domain covered with and separated by?
microvilli
| intercellular spaces that form bile canaliculi
87
The sinusoidal (basolateral) domain have microvilli that project into the (blank)
space of disse
88
What do microvilli do?
increase surface area by factor of 6
| facilitate exchange b/w hepatocyte and space of disse
89
What are the major functions of hepatocytes?
produce plasma proteins
store and convert several vitamins and iron
involved in metabolic pathways
degrades drugs and toxins
bile production (exocrine function)
modify structures and function of many hormones (endocrine-like)
90
What type of plasma proteins do hepatocytes produce?
albumin
lipoproteins (VLDLs)
glycoproteins
91
Hepatocytes are set up in plates, and between the plates are (Blank)
sinusoids or bile ducts
92
This (blank) helps facilitate the exchange of material between the hepatocyte and the capillary.
space of disse
93
What are hepatic sinusoids lined by?
discontinuous endothelial cells
| Kupffer cells
94
The (blank)is a differentiated phagocytic cell derived from monocytes.
kupfer
95
Are collagen fibers found in the space of disse?
yes
96
Hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery empties into the (blank)
hepatic sinusoid
97
(blank) lie between hepatic plates
hepatic sinusoids
98
(blank) empty directly into central veins and are lined by discontinous endothelium and kupffers cells.
hepatic sinusoids
99
(blank) phagocytose blood-borne foreign particulate matter and defunct erythrocytes
Kupffer's cell
100
(blank) is the site of exchange of materials between blood and hepatocytes
space of disse (perisinusoidal space)
101
Plasma enters space of Disse through opening between (blank) that are too small for blood cellsto pass.
endothelial cells
102
In the space of Disse, (blank) covered free surface of hepatocytes absorb nutrients, oxygen, toxins and release their metabolic products and endocrine secretions
microvillus
103
(blank) also serves as liver’s lymphatic system…fluid flows towards lymphatic vessels in portal area , ie opposite direction to blood flow
space of disse
104
(blank) store Vitamin A
-In pathological conditions differentiate into
myofibroblasts and synthesize collagen, leading
to liver fibrosis
Hepatic stellate cells (cells of Ito))
105
Are there macrophages in the peripheral blood?
no, except for kupffer cells
106
What is the epithelium of the mucosa of the gall bladder?
simple columnar epithelium
107
Concetration of bile requires coupled transport of (blank) and (blank)
salt and water
108
Is there microvilli on the mucosa of gall bladder?
yes on the apical surface
109
(blank) pump on lateral surface to facilitate H20 absorption from bile.
Na
110
Does the mucosa of the gallbladder have an LP?
yes
111
Does the gallbladder have muscularis mucosae or submucosa?
no
112
What is the muscularis of the gall bladder made up of?
interwoven smooth muscle
113
How do you get the muscularis of the gall bladder to contract?
CCK (secreted by enteroendocrine, triggered by dietary fat)
114
Does the gallbladder have an adventitia or a serosa?
both, an adventitia attaches it to the liver and a serosa covers its free peritoneal space
115
What are the major functions of the gallbladder?
concentration and storage of bile b/w meals
release of bile
regulation of hydrostatic pressure w/in biliary tract
116
A gallbladder is considered a (Blank) organ
tubule
117
The gall bladder is highly (blank) .
corrugated
