Histo Exam 1 Flashcards
(141 cards)
1
Q
What are three areas you will find simple squamous NK epithelium and what are their associated germ layers?
A
Alveoli of lung- endoderm
Blood vessels-mesoderm
Serosa-mesoderm
2
Q
What are the functions of simple squamous NK epithelium?
A
Secretion/lubrication
Diffusion
Exchange
Filtration
3
Q
What are the functions of simple cuboidal epithelium ?
A
Absorption, conduit/fluid transport, secretion, bidirectional movement along tube.
4
Q
What are the surface specializations of simple cuboidal epithelium? Where would those cells be found>
A
Cilia and microvilli
Kidney tubules (microvilli)
Oviduct (Cilia)
5
Q
What are the functions of simple columnar epithelium?
A
Absorption, secretion, movement of fluid
6
Q
What are the surface specializations of simple columnar epithelium? Where is this specialized cell found?
A
Mainly microvilli and in the GI tract.
7
Q
What are the functions of pseudostratified columnar epithelium ?
A
Transport of debris via sweeping w cilia, secretion, absorption
8
Q
What are the surface specializations of pseudostratified columnar cells? Where would these cells be found?
A
Cilia-respiratory tract
Stereocilia- male repro system
9
Q
What are the functions of stratified squamous epithelium?
A
Protection, prevents abrasion
10
Q
What are the functions of stratified cuboidal epithelium?
A
Transport
11
Q
What are the functions of stratified columnar epithelium?
A
Fluid transport
12
Q
Hematoxylin
A
A basic stain that targets Nuclei, Nucleoli, polyribosomes, cytoplasm and rER. It is basophillic and stains blue-purple.
13
Q
Eosin
A
An acidic dye that targets proteins, ECM, cytoplasmic proteins, and mitochondria. It is acidophilic and stains pink.
14
Q
Mallory Trichrome
A
Stains Connective Tissue, Collagen, and Cytoplasm
15
Q
PAS (periodic acid-Schiff)
A
Stains complex carbs including polysaccharides, glycoproteins, mucin. Stains magenta.
16
Q
Wright-Giemsa stain
A
Stains red and white blood cells
17
Q
Silver stain
A
Stains elastic fibers, reticular fibers, nervous tissue. Stains black/purple.
18
Q
What are the two states chromatin will be seen in using the H/E staining technique?
A
Euchroatin- extended chromatic that indicates the cell is actively transcribing. Visible nucleolus
Heterochromatin- condensed chromatic, no visible nucleus, cell not actively transcribing.
19
Q
What is the difference between dry ground preparation and decalcification prep?
A
Dry ground- all organic materials and cells removed
Decal- inorganic material removed allows to see cells and organic matrix of tissues
20
Q
What are the 4 basic tissue types in the body, and what pattern are they typically seen in.
A
Epithelium, CT, Muscle, Nervous Tissue
21
Q
What steps are involved in the processing of histological samples?
A
Biopsy, fix, process, embed in paraffin wax, cut, stain
22
Q
Induction
A
The process by which one cell/tissue (inductor) acts on another to alter its developmental course.
23
Q
Migration
A
The movement of cells based on interactions with surroundings cells and environment due to signaling
24
Q
Differentiation
A
Cells will develop fro an undifferentiated/immature cell type to a mature differentiated cell with specific functions. The more differentiated a cell becomes, the less self renewal and plasticity it has
25
What are the outcomes of cell signaling
Activate/inhibit gene transcription, change protein synthesis and expression, alter mitotic activity, influences cell death or survival, induce a change in the developmental pathway
26
Totipotent ; give an example
A cell capable of becoming any cell/tissue of the body plus extra embryonic structures. Example is a zygote
27
Pluripotent; give an example
A cell that can become any cell/tissue in the human embryo. Embryonic stem cells.
28
What are the two properties of stem cells
Capable of self renewal and they can give rise to progenitor cells that develop into mature terminally differentiated cells (nullipotent).
29
Gastrulation
Migration of most cells form the surface through a midline surface opening to internal part of embryo.
30
What are the outcomes of gastrulation and the resulting germ layers
Establishment of body axes. Dorsal/ventral, left/right, cranial/caudal. The three germ layers are ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm.
31
What two germ layers form mucous membranes
Ectoderm, endoderm
32
Neurulation
Inductive signaling process that leads to formation of additional germ layers from ectoderm
33
Neuroectoderm
Comes from the ectoderm and it forms al neural tissue found in the CNS (brain, spina cord, motor neurons).
34
Neural Crest cells
Forms migratory cells that form neural tissue of the PNS. Also forms melanocytes of body and facial bones
35
Notochord
An area of mesoderm that induces the ectoderm to form the neural plate via signaling and eventually disintegrates to persist as nucleolus pulposis of intervertebral discs
36
Neural plate
A structure comprised of the germ layer known as neuroectoderm
37
Neural folds
Fuse together to become the neural tube and sink below the ectoderm
38
What does the notochord become
It degenerates and becomes the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral discs
39
What cells of the four germ layers differentiate to give rise to all the cells that comprise the four basic tissues
Multipotent stem cells
40
Where in the body is serous membrane found and what germ layer gives rise to them
Lining outer surface of visceral organs. Mesoderm
41
What germ layer gives rise to membranes that have a passageway in contact with the outside world? What are these membranes
Ectoderm. Mucous membranes
42
What germ layer gives rise to the membranes in hallow organs? What are these membranes
Endoderm. GI tract, throat, respiratory, bladder
43
What germ layer gives rise to the Lining of the inside of the brain
Neuroectoderm
44
What two germ layers are involved in the inductive signaling process during neurulation and what types of signaling interactions are mainly involved in forming the CNS and PNS
Notochord of the mesoderm induces ectoderm to form neural plate. Inductive signaling.
45
What germ layer are the vascular and lymphatic systems associated with?
Mesoderm. The is the ONLY germ layer that forms epithelium, CT, smooth and cardiac muscle of hear,and vessels
46
What are the two major categories of epithelial tissue
Surface- covers body surfaces, organ surfaces, and lines body cavities and lumens of hallow organs.
Glandular-forms exocrine and endocrine glands
47
What are the key characteristics common to all types of epithelium
Polarity, Lateral and basal adhesions, avascular, rapid renewing rate
48
How is surface epithelium classified
By number of cell layers, shape of surface cell, presence of specialized apical modification.
49
What does the ‘type’ of epithelium refer to and what does the ‘name’
Type= histological appearance
Name=is used to indicate the specific location of the epithelium
50
What are the principle functions of epithelium
Barrier/protection, Transport, Conduit for fluid, secretion
51
How does to organization, thickness, surface specializations and turnover rate of epithelium reflect its function
Epithelium must maintain balance between cell renewal and cell loss to maintain homeostasis. The simple epithelium will renew/turn over quicker than stratified, chemotherapeutic drugs that affect mitosis will affect rapidly renewing cells first. Surface specialization is present in areas where it is needed.
52
Describe the BM in terms of function, location, composition and staining pattern
BM physically binds epithelial cells by a group of ECM proteins secreted by the epithelial cells that aid in anchoring the epithelium to underlying CT. It proves molecular filtration and structural support. BM stains pink
53
What happens with damage to BM and loss of epithelial attachment
When epithelial cells lose adhesion to the BM it promotes migration away from it and become invasive to other tissues where they can begin to divide uncontrollably and become cancer. Migration of cancer cells away form initial site where the cancer cell proliferated is called metastasis
54
What is the junctional attachment that attaches epithelium to basement membrane
Hemidesmosomes
55
Lateral junctions and their function
Occluding (tight) junctions
Anchoring junctions; Zonula adherens, macula adherens (desmosome)
Gap Junctions- communication
56
What happens to cells if lateral junctions are lost/damaged
Loss of lateral junctions promotes loss of adhesion and polarity causes increased mobility and cal lead to apoptosis or loss of communication
57
Transcellular transport vs paracellular transport
Transcellular transport is passage from the apex of the cell to the base. Paracellular transport is passage between adjacent cells at the intercellular junction.
58
How can environment lead to changes in type of epithelium and what is that process called.
Metaplasia. This would be for example In the esophagus of an individual who has persistent acid reflux. The normal type of epithelium there is ssnk but because of the acid in the area the tissue will become simple columnar epithelium associated with the intestine in order to produce mucin to neutralize the acid.
59
Dysplasia
An increase in mitosis with out cell differentiation. Often considered a premalignant lesion in epithelial dysplasia.
60
Hypertrophy
An increase in cell size
61
Atrophy
Decrease in cell size and or number
62
Hyperplasia
Increase in cell number w out modification
63
Metaplasia
Replacement of one normal differentiated cell type with another normal differentiated cell type. Usually reversible with removal of stimuli continued stimuli can lead to an increased risk of cancer and become dysplasia
64
What are the two major classification of glandular epithelium and what type of epithelial cells do they contain
Endocrine-product released into blood
Exocrine-product released into duct
Can range from simple cuboidal or columnar to stratified.
65
How do endocrine glands develop
Epithelium invaginates from surface
66
How do exocrine glands form
Epithelium invaginates from surface and detaches to form clusters of cells to produce product or a duct surrounded by cells.
67
How is the initial site of development related to germ layer of the gland
Their germ layer source of the EPITHELIUM determines the germ layer source of the gland.
68
What are the two morphological classifications of exocrine glands and where are each type found
Unicellular-goblet cells-GI tract
Multicellular- multiple secretory cells and may have one or more ducts. Salivary glands
69
Give an example of exocrine glands and the embryonic germ layer they are derived from
Salivary glands-endoderm
Goblet cells-endoderm
70
List three methods of exocytosis for glandular secretion and give an example of an exocrine gland that uses that method
Holocrine- shedding of whole cell (sebaceous glands)
Merocrine-secretory product released by exocytosis from vesicles in apex of cells to lumen (salivary gland)
Apocrine- apical portion of cell pinches off (mammary)
71
Simple squamous locations and germ layers
Lung- endoderm
Blood vessels- mesoderm
Serosa-mesoderm
72
Simple cuboidal epithelium typer, location, germ layers
Oviduct-ciliated-mesoderm
Salivary ducts-endoderm
Kidney tubule-mesoderm
73
Simple columnar locations and associated germ layers
GI tract-endoderm
GI tract w microvilli- endoderm
Respiratory (cilia) endoderm
74
Stratified squamous location and germ layers
Oral cavity-non keratinized, ectoderm
Esophagus-non kertinized, endoderm
Skin-keratinized, ectoderm
75
Stratified cuboidal locations and germ layers
Exocrine glands— sweat and salivary glands. Ectoderm and endoderm
76
Stratified columnar locations and germ layer
Large ducts of exocrine glands, GL depend on gland. Salivary, pancreas, galbladder
77
Pseudostratified columnar location and germ layer
Respiratory -ciliated, endoderm
Male reproductive system- stereocilia, mesoderm
78
Transitional stratified location and germ layer
Bladder- endoderm
Urethra-endoderm
Ureter-mesoderm
79
What are the general functions of connective tissue
Connects adjacent tissue layers together and provides support and protection to organ systems
80
What are the four general classifications of CT
CT Proper, specialized CT, Specialized Fluid CT, Supportive CT
81
How does the option of CT influence the cell type responsible for fiber synthesis
The predominant cell type of tissues will tend to produce the fibers exhibited there. For example adipocytes in adipose tissue produce reticular fibers. In the aorta smooth muscle cells produce the elastic fibers.
82
What four cell synthesize reticular fibers (type III collagen)
Reticular cells, adipocytes, smooth muscle cells, fibroblast
83
What types of cells can synthesize type I collagen
Osteoblast, fibroblast, chondroblast
84
What cells synthesize type II collagen
Chondroblasts. Only in cartilage
85
What two types of cells synthesize elastic fibers
Fibroblast and smooth muscle (chondroblasts in elastic cartilage)
86
What makes up ground substance
Non fibrous proteins—hyaluronic acid, proteoglycans, and adhesive glycoproteins. Different types will exist indifferent CT to confer function
87
What are the major and minor components of CT extracellular matrix
Major are fibers and GS and minor is cells
88
What cells are fixed cells
Mast cells, mesenchymal stem cells, fibroblasts, machrophages, adipocytes and reticular cells if present
89
What cells are wandering
Neutrophils, macrophages, plasma cells. (All WBC’s)
90
What are the four steps of wound healing
Hemostasis/blood clotting-platelets
Acute inflammation- neutrophils, macrophages, mast cells
Proliferation- fibroblasts synthesize type III fibers for granulation tissue
Remodeling- Type III broken down and replaced with type I
91
Mesoderm (mesenchymal) stem cell
Fixed. May differentiate ito all types of CT cells when induced.
92
Macrophages
Fixed and wandering. Phagocytosis of ECM components and debris
93
Mast cells
Fixed. Inflammatory reaction. Responsible for redness, heat, swelling of inflammation
94
Adipocytes
Fixed. Synthesize reticular fibers. Store fats.
95
Plasma cells
Wandering. Antibody (ig) production
96
Lymphocytes
Wandering. Various immune/defense functions. Higher in number during infection.
97
Neutrophil
Wandering. Phagocytosis of bacteria. 1st to arrive during injury.
98
Locations of LCT
Beneath basement membrane of all epithelium. Walls of organs.
99
Locations of DICT
Dermis of skin, walls of organs (submucosa), capsule of organs
100
Location of DRCT
Tendons, ligaments, aponeurosis, deep fascia
101
Elastic CT
Wall of large elastic blood vessels (aorta)
102
Location of reticular CT
Lymphatic organs—liver,spleen,bone marrow, lymph nodes
103
Location of adipose tissue
Hypodermis
104
What cells control normal ECM synthesis/degradation to maintain healthy CT
Fibroblasts
105
What are the effects of aging
Increased collagenases responsible for fiber breakdown. Decrease in cell renewal, fiber and GS synthesis.
106
What is the name of epithelium that lines the inside body cavities an covers out surface of visceral organs?
Mesothelium
107
What is the name of the epithelium that lines the lumen of the ventricles in the brain and central can of spinal cord
Ependymal
108
What is the name of the epithelium that forms the outer layer of skin
Epidermis
109
Serous secretory cells
Secrete watery protein substance. Round euchromatic nucleus, abundant rER, storage vesicles
110
Lipid secreting cells
Oily secretion-sebum, steroid. Abundant sER. Doesn’t stain wi H/E. Found in sebaceous glands
111
mucous secretory cells
Thick viscous secretion; mucus and glycogen. Abundant golgi. Pale stained cytoplasm. Goblet cells in GI and respiratory. Mucous cells in stomach and salivary
112
Seromucous
Mixed secretion that is slightly watery. Serous cell adjacent to a mucous cell. Found in salivary glands
113
What is the name of the tissue in the alveoli of the lung
Lining
114
Parenchymal tissue
Tissue that is considered functional and required for specific organ function (epithelium, muscle, nervous)
115
Stromal tissue
Tissue that is considered supportive and helps connect functional tissue together (connective tissue)
116
Zona occludens
Maintains cell polarity, creates a selective barrier, controls/restricts passage of molecules. Located at apex of cell
117
Function of intercellular junctions
Links plasma membrane of adjacent cells together so they can function in an integrated manner
118
Gap Junctions
Permits passage of small molecules/ions directly between cytoplasm of cells via pores. Electrically couple cells together.
119
Focal adhesions
Localized adhesion, transient attachment necessary for wound healing and epithelial migration.
120
Intraepithelial
Impacts adhesions within the epithelial tissue I.e., damage to desmosomes
121
Subepithelial
Beneath epithelium. Represents loss of adhesions between the basal epithelial cells, BM and CT. Damage to hemidesmosomes
122
Appearance of simple squamous cell
Flattened surface cell, flattened nuclei
123
Appearance of simple cuboidal cell
Equal height/width of surface cell with a round central nuclei
124
Appearance of columnar cells
Height is greater than width of surface cell, elongated nuclei maybe near base.
125
Appearance of transitional
Rounded/domed surface layer. These layers stretch and become flattened. Usually 4-6 layers in thickness.
126
Nucleus
Site of transcription. Chromosomes contain genetic information to encode all proteins in the body
127
Nucleolus
Site of ribosomal RNA synthesis and ribosome assembly
128
Nuclear membrane
Mediates bidirectional selective transport of molecules between the cytoplasm and nucleus.
129
Cell plasma membrane
Divides cell from external environment and mediates cellular interactions/signaling with external environment and other cells. Site of membrane transport
130
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
RER surface is sire of protein synthesis and the rER lumen is site of post translational modifications and folding of proteins synthesized by attached ribosomes.
131
Nissl Bodies
A term used to refer to the large amounts of rER in a nerve cell
132
Mitochondria
Site of ATP synthesis via three metabolic pathways
133
What does abundant mitochondria in a cell stain look like and what would the cell function be?
High amounts of mitochondria will be stained with eosin dye and will typically gather In one region of the cell. If large amounts the cell is most likely performing active transport.
134
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
sER contains enzymes that area synthesized in the rER and function in lipid metabolism, steroid hormone synthesis, glycogen breakdown and detoxification
135
Golgi
Site of pops translational modification of proteins. Responsible for packaging and sorting of proteins to their final destination. Does not stain with H/E
136
Lysosome
Site of destruction of pathogenic organisms or degradation of intracellular waste products via acid hydrolase enzymes. Not visible by H/E
137
Peroxisome
Site of beta oxidation of long chain fatty acids that control the amount of hydrogen peroxide in cell via catalase activity
138
Glycogen granules
Energy storage
139
Lipofuscin granules
Represent the accumulation of cellular waste products from lysosomal breakdown
140
Lipid droplets
Energy storage droplets may aggregate in cells
141
Transport/secretory vesicles
Transport materials between different cell compartments/organelles and to plasma membrane for export.
