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Histo Exam 1 > Histo Exam 1 > Flashcards

Histo Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Acid reflux disease can result in what type of cell change?

A

Metaplasia of stomach mucosa

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2
Q

Peptic ulcer can result in what type of change?

A

Destruction of stomach mucosal lining

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3
Q

Celiac Disease results in what type of change in the stomach?

A

Alteration of normal absorptive surface of small intestine

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4
Q

Describe secretory cells

A
  • Clear cytoplasm
  • Round/oval nuclei
  • Without nucleoli
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5
Q

Describe Basal Cells in the prostate

A
  • Numerous
  • Produce high molecular keratin
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6
Q

Describe the epithelial bilayer in the prostate

A
  • Consists of columnar and basal cells –> psuedostratified
  • Abundant fibro-muscular stoma
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7
Q

Describe the microscopic structure of the prostate

A
  • Many wide, irregular tubules (well-differentiated)
  • Epithelium is folded
  • Glands not closely spaced
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8
Q

Identify the organ and condition

A

Appendicitis

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9
Q

What are some pathological findings consistent with appendicitis?

A
  • Gray, shaggy exudate
  • Pus
  • Ulcerated mucosal surface
  • Neutrophilic infiltrate
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10
Q

What are the seven staining methods?

A
  1. Gomori
  2. Feulgen
  3. Masson
  4. Romanovsky
  5. Golgi
  6. Geimsa
  7. Cajal
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11
Q

What does H&E stain show?

A

Generalized picture of a cell and structure of an organ

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12
Q

What does PAS show?

A

Mucus secretions and basement membranes

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13
Q

What does Masson’s Trichrome show?

A

Collagenous architecture of organs

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14
Q

What does Wright’s Stain show?

A

Complete blood cell counts

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15
Q

What does Sudan Black “B” show?

A

Lipid droplets, lysosomes, and mitochondria

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16
Q

What do silver stains show?

A

Polypeptide hormone-producing cells and basement membranes

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17
Q

What is shown in this picture?

A

Kidney in Eosin

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18
Q

What is shown in this picture?

A

Kidney in hematoxylin

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19
Q

What is shown in this picture?

A

Kidney shown in H&E stain

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20
Q

What kind of stain is being used?

A

PAS

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21
Q

What kind of stain is being used?

A

Silver stain

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22
Q

What kind of dye is hematoxylin and what does it stain in the nucleus?

A

Basic dye, stains RNA and DNA

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23
Q

What type of dye is Eosin and what does it stain?

A
  • Acidic dye
  • Stains:
    • Cytoplasm
    • Skeletal muscle
    • Secretion granule
    • Connective tissue cells (fibroblasts)
    • Collagen fibers
    • Thyroglobulin
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24
Q

What does H&E dye help show the contrast between?

A

Nucleus, nucleolus, and mitochondria

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25
What are three histochemical procedures for identifying the presence of specific substances in cells?
1. PAS 2. Feulgen Reaction 3. Acid phosphatase
26
What stain should be used to determine the presence of lipids?
Osmium
27
What does PAS procedure show the presence of?
Glycogen
28
What type of stain was used and what is being seen?
PAS and it is staining glycogen
29
What does the Feulgen Reaction stain?
Stains DNA
30
How was this stained and what is it staining?
Feulgen Reaction staining DNA
31
What does Acid Phosphatase stain?
Lysosomes
32
What type of stain was used and what is it showing the presence of?
Acid phosphatase showing lysosomes
33
What type of stained was used and what is it showing?
Osmium staining lipid droplets
34
What type of stain is used and what is it showing?
Golgi stain showing the golgi apparatus
35
What is acid fuchsin stained used to show?
Mitochondria
36
What is a type of negative relief stain?
Geisma
37
What stains poorly in Giesma?
* Lipids * Golgi
38
What type of stain was used for this slide?
Giesma
39
What stains poorly in Wright's stain and why?
Mitochondria because they are right in lipids, which don't have an affinity for the dye
40
What stain was used for the slide?
Wright's Stain
41
What is the stain and what are the clear areas of the slide?
Lipid vacuoles in H & E stain
42
What stain was used and why are they this color?
H & E staining keratinocytes, which have melanin
43
How does lipofuscin pigment appear on a slide?
Brown
44
What is Lipochrome pigment?
Yellow pigment in H & E dye
45
In a typical cell, what makes up the cell membrane?
* Cell border * Cell coat
46
In a typical cell, what organelles can be seen?
* Centrioles * Mitochondria * SER * Ribosomes * RER * Golgi * Lysosomes * Peroxisomes * Vesicles * Granules
47
In a typical cell, what types of granules can be seen?
* Azure * Secretion * Specific * Others
48
In a typical cell, what makes up the cytoskeleton?
* Microfilaments (myofibril, terminal web) * Microtubules (mitotic spindle) * Intermediate filaments (Tonofilaments)
49
In a typical cell, what inclusions can be seen?
* Glycogen * Lipid droplets * Lipid vacuoles * Hemosiderin * Lipofuscin/lipochrome pigment * Melanosome
50
In a mesenchymal (stem) cell, what structures are visible?
* RER * Free ribosomes * SER * Mitochondria * Nucleus * Nucleolus
51
What is the function of a Paneth cell?
Production of antibacterial agent, controls bacteria of cells
52
How are the regions of a Paneth cell divided by function?
* Bottom: production * Middle: packaging * Top: storage
53
What are the criteria used for identifying a cell based on the: cell
1. Relative size 2. Shape (round, flat, irregular)
54
What are the criteria used for identifying a cell based on the: Cytoplasm
1. Stained? 2. Color 3. Intensity of staining 4. Presence/absence of particles
55
What are the criteria used for identifying a cell based on the: nucleus
1. Relative size 2. Shape (oval, round, flat, segmented) 3. Number of nuclei 4. Location 5. Intensity of staining
56
What are the criteria used for identifying a cell in general?
1. Cell structure 2. Cytoplasm 3. Nucleus 4. Nucleolus
57
Internum
Electron dense core of specific granule under EM
58
Externum
Less well-stained periphery of specific granule under EM
59
Identify the structures/regions
60
The cell membrane is a ________ membrane
**_Trilaminar_** Outer leaflet Space Inner leaflet
61
What are the darker regions, lighter regions, and bottom left?
1. Heterochromatin 2. Euchromatin 3. ER
62
What does the lightness of euchromatin tell us about its activity?
Active transcription
63
64
65
When ribosomes are clustered, what are they called and what is their function?
Polyribosomes as they are attached to mRNA
66
What is being indicated by the red arrow?
Ribosomes
67
What is the difference between alpha and beta glycogen?
Beta glycogen is a single particle, whereas alpha glycogen is a collection of beta particles known as a "Glycogen Rosette"
68
What is indicated by blue and red arrows?
69
What is a cistern?
The empty space within the RER
70
What shape would you typically expect to see to indicate a polyribosome?
A 9 or 6 swirl
71
What would cause a bloated cistern?
Backup of protein
72
Identify the structure seen in each of these pictures
RER
73
How are smooth endoplasmic reticulum membranes/cisterns organized?
Organized as tubules rather than sheets
74
What are the structures highlighted in blue?
SER
75
The convex side of a golgi is known also as:
Cis/forming face; where vesicles enter the golgi
76
The concave side of a golgi is also known as:
Trans/maturing face; where particles leave the golgi
77
How can you tell the difference between a condensing vacuole and secretory granule under EM?
A condensing vacuole is more lightly stained, whereas a secretory granule is darkly stained
78
Primary lysosomes
* Dense bodies * Vesicles * Enzymes are inactive * Homegenous matrix
79
Secondary lysosome
* Residual bodies with pigments (lipochrome or lipofuscin) * Material inside the matrix
80
Tertiary lysosomes
* Residual bodies discharged in the form of pus * Neutrophils and macrophages are destroyed/eliminated
81
Heterophagic pathway
Process of lysosomal digestion of materials ingested from the extracellular environment. Examples include the uptake and digestion of bacteria by neutrophils and the removal of apoptotic cells by macrophages.
82
Autophagic pathways
Intracellular degradation system that delivers cytoplasmic constituents to the lysosome
83
What is the figure showing?
Primary and secondary lysosomes
84
Name the structure
Secondary lysosome
85
Name the components of the cellular cytoskeleton
* Microfilaments * Intermediate filaments * Microtubules
86
What are the primary functions of blood?
1. Carries oxygen, hormones, nutrients 2. Transports immune cells 3. Coagulation and thermoregulation
87
What is contained in Wright's stain?
Methylene blue, eosin, azure
88
What are the main basophilic structures?
DNA (nucleus), rRNA (cytoplasmic ribosomes)
89
What stain affinity does hemoglobin have?
Eosinophilic
90
What are the most common azurophilic structures?
Azure granules = lysosomes of white blood cells
91
Blood plasma makes up X % of blood
Blood plasma makes up **_55%_** of blood
92
What is blood plasma comprised of?
* Water * Plasma proteins * Albumin * Globulins * Fibrinogen
93
What is the function of albumin?
Draws extracellular fluid into blood vessels
94
What is the function of globulins?
Plasma cells that secrete antibodies
95
What is the function of fibrinogen?
Interacts with blood platelets to promote clotting
96
Formed elements make up X % of blood
Formed elements make up **_45%_** of blood
97
What are the formed elements of blood?
* Erythrocytes (RBC) * White blood cells * Thrombocytes (Platelets)
98
Of the formed elements, what is the composition between red blood cells and the "buffy coat"?
99% of formed element of blood is RBCs, and the remaining 1% makes up the buffy coat, comprised of Leukocytes and Thrombocytes
99
How does the hematocrit in people living at high altitudes compare to those in lower altitudes?
Hematocrit is higher in people at high altitudes
100
What is the diameter of an erythrocyte?
7.2 micrometers
101
How would one describe the shape of an erythrocyte?
Anucleate biconcave disc
102
What helps a RBC deform as it passes through a vessel?
Proteins
103
What is the name and cause of the condition seen here?
**Spherocytosis** Defect in spectrin gene No central pallor
104
What is the illness seen here?
Sickle cell anemia
105
Where does erythropoiesis occur?
Bone marrow
106
What is the life cycle of a RBC?
120 days
107
Name the stages of RBC development
Proerythroblast -\> Basophilic erythroblast -\> Polychromatophilic erythroblast -\> Orthochromatophilic erythroblast -\> *\*nucleus extrudes\** -\> Reticulocytes -\> RBC
108
Name the stage of the RBC lifecycle
Proerythroblast (dense with ribosomes)
109
Name the stage of the RBC lifecycle
Basophilic erythroblast
110
Name the stage of the RBC lifecycle
Polychromatophilic erythroblast
111
Name the stage of the RBC lifecycle
Orthochromatophilic erythroblast
112
Name the stage of the RBC lifecycle
Reticulocyte (presence of some organelles and cytoplasmic ribosomes)
113
Reticulocytes make up X % of RBCs
Reticulocytes make up **_1-2%_** of RBCs
114
Under what condition would you expect to see higher than normal numbers of reticulocytes?
Anemia
115
What are the cells with the darker blue spots?
Reticulocytes
116
What are D, G, and M?
D: Degenerating mitochondrion M: Mitochondrion G: Golgi remnants
117
What are the three types of granulocytes and what do they contain that differentiates them from agranulocytes?
1. Neutrophil 2. Eosinophil 3. Basophil Contain specific and azure granules
118
What are the three types of agranulocytes and what do they contain?
1. Monocyte 2. Lymphocyte
119
Name the cell
Neutrophil
120
Name the cell
Eosinophil
121
Name the cell
Basophil
122
Name the cell
Monocyte
123
Name the cell
Monocyte
124
Name the cell
Lymphocyte
125
What are the distinguishing features of a **Neutrophil?**
* 60-70% WBC * 12-15 micrometer * Polymorphonuclear (2-5 lobes) * Specific granules stain pink * Anti-microbial enzymes (collagenases, lysozymes) * Phagocytosis and destroy bacteria * Barr bodies = drumstick
126
Describe the Azure granules of a neutrophil under EM
* Large * Less numerous than specific granules * Electron dense
127
Describe the specific granules of a neutrophil under EM
* Small * More numerous * Relatively more electron lucent than azure
128
Describe the specific features of a **Basophil**
* 0.5% WBC * 12-15 micrometer * Bilobed nucleus * Granules obscure the view of the nucleus * Release vasodilators, anticoagulants to promote immune response * Cell typed in involved in anaphylaxis but effect modulated by eosinophils
129
What are the Specific Granules of the basophil?
1. Heparin (anticoagulant) 2. Histamine (vasodilator) 3. Leukotrienes (smooth muscle airway constrictors)
130
What are the Azurophilic granules of Basophils?
1. Lysosomes (acid hydrolases)
131
What type of cell is this?
Basophil
132
Describe Eosinophils
* 1-4% WBC * 12-15 micrometers * Bilobed nucleus * Specific granules stain salmon pink to orange * Modulates inflammatory response to parasitic infections, sites of chronic inflammation, and allergies * Antigen-antibody complex
133
What are the specific granules of Eosinophils?
1. Major basic protein (Eosinophilia) 2. Eosin-derived Neurotoxin (CNS toxin) 3. Histaminase (Neutralizes histamines) Generally cytotoxic to parasites
134
What are the azure granules of eosinophils?
1. Lysosomes 1. Degrade antigen-antibody complexes
135
What cell is this?
Eosinophil (notice the specific granule bars)
136
What is this and where would you find it?
Specific granule found in an eosinophil
137
Describe Monocytes
* 3-8% of WBCs * 16-20 micrometers * Nuclei: * Horse-shoe shaped * Kidney bean shaped * Transform into macrophages that phagocytose and degrade bacteria in: * Connective tissue (Histiocytes) * Liver (Kupffer cells) * Lung (dust cells) * Bone (Osteoclasts) * Antigen presenting cells *
138
Name the cell
Monocyte
139
Describe lymphocytes
* 20-25% of WBCs * 6-12 micrometers * Small or large type * Small = mature ( \>90%) * Large = Immature * 80% = T-lymphocytes * 20% = B-lymphocytes * Thin rim of basophilic cytoplasm (many cytoplasmic ribosomes) * Function: cell mediated (t-cells); humoral immunity (b-cells) against antigens * Virus infected cells, tumor cells
140
Name the cell
Large lymphocyte
141
Describe platelets
* 2-3 micrometers * Come from megakaryocytes in bone marrow * Perform blood vessel surveillance * Plug up holes with fibrinogen, pull vessels together, release hormones to heal wounds
142
Biggest WBC
Monocyte
143
Smallest WBC
Platelet
144
Order of proportionality for WBC (most --\> least)
1. Neutrophils 2. Lymphocytes 3. Monocytes 4. Eosinophils 5. Basophils
145
WBC % make up: **Neutrophil**
60-70%
146
WBC % make up: **Lymphocyte**
20-25%
147
WBC % make up: **Monocyte**
3-8%
148
WBC % make up: **Eosinophils**
1-4%
149
WBC % make up: **Basophils**
0.5%
150
151

Histo Exam 1 (1 decks)

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