Histo - Female Flashcards by Jasmine Santos

What are the components of the ovaries?

Basics:

2 ovaries present
- each has hilum
- suspended from mesenteries
- has cortex & medulla

Histo:

Covered w/ germinal epithelium
- simple cuboidal lining
- continuous w/ mesothelium
- NOT germinal
Tunica albuginea = deep to germinal epithelium

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What is this?

Ovary Cortex and Medulla

Cortex:

ovarian follicles
stroma w/ CT

Medulla:

loose CT & blood vessels
- blood vessels enter from hilum

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What are Ovarian Follicles?

Basics:

follicle = oocyte + cells surrounding it
- enlarge as they develop –> increasing the cell layers that surround them

Cells surrounding oocyte:

Follicular cells or granulosa cells (w/in BL)
Thecal cells (outside BL)

Stages:

Primordial
Primary
- unilaminar
- multilaminar
Secondary
Tertiary

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What are the different stages of follicle development in the ovary?

Follicular Development

Primordial follicles
Primary follicles
- unilaminar
- multilaminar
Secondary follicle aka Antral
- antrum forms
Tertiary follicle aka Graafian follicle
- antrum expands & becomes mature

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What is this?

Primordial - Follicle in Ovary

Primordial

single layer of flattened follicular cells around the oocyte
- BL surrounds it
becomes primary oocyte

Location

outer cortex

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What is this?

Primary Follicles

Unilaminar

has primary oocyte
has single layer of cuboidal follicular cells
Zone pellucida forms
- BL around oocyte

Multilaminar

has primary oocyte
has multiple layers of follicular cells (granulosa cells)
Theca begins to organize
Zone pellucida

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What is this?

Secondary & Tertiary Follicles - in Ovary

Secondary follicle:

start of antrum = callexner bodies
- contains follicular fluid made by follicluar (granulosa) cells
can have complete antrum… but do not protrude from ovary
- smaller
multiple layers of granulosa cells
theca organized
zona pelucida

Tertiary (Mature or Graafian) follicle:

secondary oocyte
zona pellucida
corona radiata
antrum complete = continuous + large
- protrudes from surface of ovary when read to ovulate
- 1 or 2 per cycle undergo ovulation (others becocme atretic)
granulosa cell
theca organized

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What is this?

Follicular Structures

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What is this?

Theca Interna & Externa

Theca Interna

Steroid secreting cells
Vacuolated

Theca Externa

Fibroblasts

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What is the difference between primary & secondary oocyte?

Primary oocyte

meiosis arrested in prophase I
meiosis I = completed prior to ovulation
meiosis II = starts & arrests in metaphase II
- now = secondary oocyte in mature follicle

Secondary oocyte

ovulates
if fertilized, meiosis II = complete
- second polar body

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What is this?

Atresia

Degeneration
- can happen at any stage of follicle development
Apoptosis of granulosa cells
Autolysis of oocyte
Macrophages do clean up

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What phase is Oogenesis suspended in during childhood?

Meiosis I (Prophase I)

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What is the Hormonal Regulation of Ovarian Function?

Hormonal Regulation of Ovaries

Hypothalamus secretes GnRH
- stimulates anterior pituitary (AP)
FSH & LH released
- stimulate follicular development
Maturing ovarian follicles
- secrete inhibin (inhibits FSH production)
- low levels of estrogen (initially inhibits both the hypothalamus & AP)
Estrogen (low levels)
- assists w/ dev of vesicular follicle
Vesicular follicle
- produces a large threshold amount of estrogen
  - stimulates the hypothalamus & AP
LH surge from the AP
- induces ovulation
Corpus luteum forms
- due to influence of LH
Corpus luteum secretes large amounts of progesterone, estrogen, inhibin
- inhibits hypothalamus & AP

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What happens during Ovulation?

Ovulation

LH surge = causes ovulation
- Graafian follicle ruptures
Causes oocyte w/ surrounding cells, blood & follicular fluid to leave the ovary
- if contacts peritoneum = cause mid-cycle lower abd pain

If secondary oocyte in meiosis II metaphase is fertilized…

meiosis II = completes
LH causes follicle to become a corpus luteum
- becomes corpus albicans

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What is this?

Corpus Luteum

After ovulation:

follicle involutes
theca interna cells —> theca lutein cells
- darker staining cells than granulosa lutein cells
follicular cells —> granulosa lutein cells
- ligher staining cells than theca lutein cells
theca externa contracts
- granulosa cells collapse
theca interna cells INVADE into granulosa cells

If NO fertilization:

involutes w/in 14 days into a corpus albicans

If fertilization:

involutes w/in 6 months to corpus albicans

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What are the 2 Types of Corpora Lutea?

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Corpus Luteum of Menstruation

persists for part of 1 cycle
phagocytosed by macrophages
forms a corpus albicans

Corpus Luteum of Pregnancy

uterine mucosa cannot menstruate (would lose embryo)
corpus luteum of pregnancy = maintain by HCG
- 4-5 months until placenta makes progesterone & estrogen
then becomes a corpus albicans

What is this?

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Corpus Albicans

Scar tissue
Macrophages phagocytose debris
Hemosiderin in macrophages
- brown color

What are the Parts of the Uterine Tubes?

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Fimbriae & infundibullum
- catches oovum
- large open space w/ folds
Ampulla
- where fertilzation takes place
Isthmus
- narrowing near the uterus
Intramural segment
- opens to uterus

What is this?

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Mucosa of the Uterine Tube Wall

Layers of Oviduct

Mucosa
- simple columnar epithelium
  - ciliated cell
    - partially responsible for movement of ovum (mostly occurs via tubal peristalsis)
  - secretory non-ciliated (aka Peg Cells)
    - produce tubal fluids rich in K+, Cl-, and Ig’s
    - nutrition; helps move egg along
- lamina propria
Muscle
Serosa
- simple squamous

What is this?

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Oviduct Fimbriae

What is this?

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Oviduct Isthmus

blood vessels
peg cells & ciliated cells in epithelium

What is this?

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Infundibulum of Oviduct

lots of mucosal folds
little bit of muscle on outter edge

What is this?

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Uterus

Endometrium

mucosa (lined by simple columnar epithelium; some ciliated)
- stratum basalis
- stratum functionalis (shed during menstruation)

Myometrium

3 layers of smooth muscle

Serosa or Adventitia

continuous w/ perimetrium

Body & Fundus

cervix

What is the Arterial Supply to the Endometrium?

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Straight arteries

supply stratum basale

Spiral arteries

extend further
supply stratum functionalis
supply a capillary bed w/ vascular lacunae

What are the 3 Phases of the Uterus?

**Uterus - Endometrium** **Proliferative Phase** * Estrogen * Straight glands = increase in length * Glycogen = increases * Endometrium = increases thickness **Secretory Phase** * Progesterone * Glands becomes tortuous * Coiled arteries = extend * Veins = distend **Menstrual Phase** * Stratum functionalis = shed

What are the important characteristics of Myometrium?

**Basics:** * Smooth muscle fibers + CT * CT has venous plexi and lymphatics **When things go wrong:** * Leiomyoma * aka fibroids * common benign tumor of SM **During pregnancy:** * Hyperplasia of SM cells * Increased collage from cells * Contracts during parturition * after, cells shrink & may apoptose

What phases of the uterus are these?

**Proliferative Phase** (Left) & **Secretory Phase** (Right) Proliferative Phase: * Estrogen * Glycogen increases * Straight glands Secretory Phase: * Progesterone * Glands become tortuous * Coiled arteries extend

What are the 2 parts of the Cervix?

**Ectocervix** * _SSNK epithelium_ * Lots of glycogen (light staining) * Cyclic changes under influence of estrogen/progesteron **Endocervix** * _Simple columnar epithelium_/mucous secreting * Btw uterus & vaginal cavities * Provides lubrication + protective barrier **When things go wrong...** * _Nabothian cysts:_ * SSNK epithelium covers mucous secreting epithelium at external os * epithelium can change --\> lead to cancer

What is this?

**Pap Smear** **Basics:** * cells scraped from exocervix/external os **Stain:** * stained w/ hematoxylin, orange G, & eosin * _surface cells_ = pink/orange * _subsurface cells_ = blue/green **When things go wrong...** * _Cervical carcinoma_ if... * High # of blue/green cells * Cells w/ atypical nuclei

What is this? What are the 3 layers?

**Vagina** **Mucosa:** * _SSNK epithelium_ * washed out due to loss of glycogen/presence of lipids * glycogen maximal at ovulation * high estrogen * Lactobacilli break down glycogen & produce lactic acid * acidifies environment * prevents bacterial & yeast infections * Lamina propria **Fibromuscular layer** * Muscularis externa **Adventitia**

What are Bartholin’s ( Vestibular) Glands?

**Bartholin’s ( Vestibular) Glands** * _Analogous to bulbouretral glands in males_ * Glands that open into the vestibule * space surrounded w/in the labia minora * part of external genitalia * _Simple columnar cells_ * secrete mucous

How does Lubrication of the Vagina work?

Vagina does **NOT** contain glands!! * _Lubrication comes from:_ 1. glands of the cervix 2. vestibular glands

What is this?

**Development of Glands in the Breast During Pregnancy** **Inactive:** * Adipoose tissue * CT * Few glands * Some ducts **Active (lactating):** * Glands proliferate * seen as branched or irregular shape * Duct cells proliferate * Adipose tissue decreases * _Regulated by:_ * **estrogen & progesterone** * after parturition, prolactin is lactogenic * _Suckling causes RELEASE of PRL IH & oxytocin_ * **oxytocin = stimulates myoepithelial cell contraction**

What is this?

**Actively Developing & Lactating Alveoli** * See lipid droplets (LD) in the milk secretion * _from columnar secretory cells_ * See venules & CT

How does the Secretion of Milk Lipids and Proteins occur?

**Basics:** * During breast feeding: * _oxytocin causes contraction of SM & myoepithelial cells_ * causes milk ejection reflex **Milk Lipids:** * Apocrine **Milk proteins:** * Merocrine

What is this?

**Mammary Gland Atrophy** **Secretion of milk** 1. _Milk protein = merocrine_ * exocytosis/active transport 2. _Milk lipids = apocrine_ * apex of cell pinches off **After childbirth:** * first secretion = colostrum * Tubuloalveolar sweat glands derived from epidermis * 15-20 lobes connnected by CT (Cooper's or suspensory ligaments) * each lobe has lactiferous duct that opens on nipple **After menopause:** * _glandular elements atrophy_ * decline in ovarian hormones * apoptosis

Histo - Female Flashcards

(36 cards)