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HSF Block 3 > Histo - GI 3 > Flashcards

Histo - GI 3 Flashcards

(38 cards)

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1
Q

What are the 5 characteristics of the liver?

A
  1. Largest gland in the human body
  2. 4 lobes
  3. Capsule
    • thickens at porta hepatis (hilum)
  4. Blood supplied by portal v & hepatic a
    • enter at hilum
  5. Bile, blood, lymph
    • exit at hilum
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2
Q

How does liver receive blood supply?

A
  • Dual blood supply
    • hepatic a
      • oxygenated blood
    • hepatic portal v
      • deoxygenated blood
  • Blood to hepatocytes = mixture of both blood types
    • hepatic sinusoids have both
    • drains to central v
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3
Q

What is this?

A

Liver (pig)

Metabolic Functions:

  • synthesis of cholesterol & bile salts
  • gluconeogenesis
  • deamination of AA
  • storage of iron, glucose, lipis, vit A
  • breakdown of glycogen
  • detox
  • RBC removal

Exocrine Fxn:

  • Bile secretion

Endocrine Fxn:

  • Albumin
  • Fibrinogen
  • Coagulation factors
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4
Q

What is this?

A

Liver (Human)

  • Hepatocytes
    • polygonal cells w/ large, central nuclei (or 2)
  • Hepatic lobules
    • cords of liver cells (linear arrangement)
      • w/ bile canaliculi & sinusoid in btw
    • central v.
    • reticular fibers & CT
  • Portal Triad in space of Kiernan
    • (1) portal v (2) hepatic a (3) bile duct
  • Sinusoids
    • Space of Disse
      • btw endothelial cells & hepatocytes
      • aka: perisinusoidal space
      • drains 2 types of blood toward central v.
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5
Q

Explain the Organization of the Liver

A
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6
Q

What is this?

A

Liver Structure

Blood flow in liver:

  • Branches of portal v & hepatic a in Portal Triad –>
  • Sinusoids –>
    • mixing of oxygenated & deoxygenated blood
  • Central v. –>
  • Leaves liver via hepatic v.

Note:

  • Blood flow is opposite bile flow
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7
Q

What is this?

A

Portal v & Hepatic a

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8
Q

What is this?

A

Space of Moll

  • btw last hepatocyte & start of CT of space of kiernan
    • start of lymph drainage

Note:

  • lymph drains towards hilum
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9
Q

What is this?

A

Liver Microvasculature

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10
Q

What is this?

A

Liver Sinusoids

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11
Q

What is this?

A

Liver Sinusoid

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12
Q

What is this?

A

Sinusoids in the liver

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13
Q

What is this?

A

SEM of Liver Sinusoids

  • You can see the large holes in the sinusoid
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14
Q

How does the Bile Flow in the Liver?

A

Bile Flow in the Liver

  1. Hepatocytes –>
  2. Bile canaliculis –>
    • has tight jxns
  3. Canal of Hering or cholangiole
    • has small, low epithelium layer (but still w/in the lobule of hepatocyte, before duct)
  4. Bile ductule in portal triad –>
  5. Bile ducts –>
  6. Leave liver thru R & L hepatic ducts –>
    • merge w/ common hepatic duct
  7. Connects to cystic duct –> gallbladder OR
    • Connect to common bile duct –> duodenum

Notes:

  • Opposite of blood flow
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15
Q

What is this?

A

Bile Canaliculis

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16
Q

What is this?

Study These Flashcards
A

Canal of Hering aka Cholangiole

  • bile canaliculi are too small to see at LM
17
Q

What is this?

Study These Flashcards
A

Bile Ductule in Portal Triad

18
Q

What is the relationship btw Blood & Bile flow in the Liver?

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A

Flow in the Liver

  • Blood
    • from hepatic a & portal v in portal triad –>
    • towards central v
    • leaves liver via hepatic v
  • Bile
    • Hepatocytes –>
    • Bile canaliculus –>
    • canal of Hering (AKA cholangiole) –>
    • bile ductule in portal triad –>
    • bile duct
19
Q

What are the 4 structures in this image?

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. Portal v
  2. Hepatic a
  3. Bile duct
  4. Space of Kiernan
20
Q

What is the structure of hepatocytes?

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A

Hepatocyte Structure

  • Lots of RER & SER
  • Mitochondria w/ both:
    • shelflike & tubular cristae
  • Lipid droplets
  • Microvilli
  • Bile canaliculus sealed by tight jxns
  • Space of Disse
    • space between microvilli & endothelium
  • Lots of peroxisomes
21
Q

What are the Membrane Domains of Hepatocytes?

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A

Btw 2 hepatocytes

  • bile canaliculus
  • apical domain
  • tight jxns seal canaliculus

Btw hepatocyte & endothelial cells of sinusoid

  • in basolateral domain
  • Space of Disse
    • microvilli from hepatocyte
    • collagen
    • Ito cells (vit A storage)
    • Pit cells (NK cells)
    • Processes of Kupffer cells
22
Q

What is this?

Study These Flashcards
A

Space of Disse (aka Perisinusoidal Space)

  • Found in Space of Disse
    • Microvilli from hepatocyte
    • Collagen
    • Ito cells or hepatic stellate cells
      • vit A storage
      • become myofibroblasts w/ liver injury
    • Kupffer cells
23
Q

What are the 3 Concepts of Liver Organization?

Study These Flashcards
A

Classic lobule (Hexagon)

  • Central vein as the center & portal triads at corners
  • Emphasizes flow of blood (endocrine fxn)
    • portal triads –> central vein

Portal lobule (Triange

  • Bile duct as the center & 3 central veins
  • Emphasizes flow of bile (exocrine fxn)
    • hepatoctypes –> bile duct

Hepatic acinus (Diamond)

  • Diamond shape w/ 2 central veins & 2 portal triads
  • Emphasizes metabolic fxn
    • oxygenated blood –> hepatocytes
    • Zone 1 = most O2 (most toxins!)
    • Zone 3 = least O2 (most damage!)
24
Q

What is this?

Study These Flashcards
A

Hepatic Acinus

Basics:

  • Central axis follows a branch of hepatic a
    • in portal space of Kiernan
  • 3 concentric arcs = zones

Zones:

  • 1 = closest to hepatic a
    • most O2
  • 2 = intermediate
  • 3 = clostest to central v
    • least O2 & least nutrients
    • most glycolysis, lipid formation, drug biotransformation happens
    • 1st area to…
      • have fatty accumulation
      • undergo ischemic necrosis (least able to fight toxins)
25
What is involved with Liver Regeneration?
**Basics:** * Hepatocytes grow slowly * Hepatocyte death causes mitosis **Surgery:** * Sx removal of part of liver causes mitosis of remaining hepatocytes * Living donor * Compenstory hyperplasia **Liver Stem cell:** * Oval cells * present btw cholangiocytes (canal of Hering/canaliculus)
26
What is this?
**Gall Bladder** **Basics:** * Stores & concentrates bile * Attached to lower surface of liver * has BOTH serosa & adventitia * Mucosa & Muscularis externa (thin) * Mucosal folds **Structure**: * Simple columnar epithelium * LP underneath mucosa * NO muscularis mucosa! * Intercellullar space on BL surface * due to bile concentration **Diagnostic feature:** * Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses (crypts) - RA crypts * Mucosal folds = artifactes
27
What is this?
Gall Bladder
28
What is this?
**Gall Bladder Epithelium and Lamina Propria**
29
What are the 3 Steps for the Release of Stored Bile?
1. Fats in the small intestine stimulate release of cholescytokinin from APUD cells 2. Cholecystokinin causes contraction of the gallbladder muscularis 3. Bile goes into the duodenum
30
What is this?
**Pancreas** Exocrine (and Endocrine) **Basics:** * Has BOTH exocrine (digestive enzymes) & endocrine (hormones) * Retroperitoneal **Structure:** * CT capsule * CT septa forms lobules * Reticular fibers * Pancreatic islets & serous secreting acini w/ duct system * Acini = have BL w/ reticular fibers beneath + capillaries
31
Exocrine vs. Endocrine
**Exocrine:** * _Serous secreting acini_ * cells have apical granules * Duct system * Secrete zymogens * 4 mechanisms for preventing self-digestion * enzymes in vesicles * inactivated by pH in vesicle * stored as proenzymes * inhibitory molecules keep enzymes inactive **Endocrine:** * _Cells secrete into the vascular system_ * Islets of Langerhans * Usually lighter staining than exocrine pancrea * Not easy to distinguish cell types
32
33
What is this?
**Pancreas Structure** * Intralobular ducts (D) * lined by simple columnar epithelium * Serous acini (A) * Ducts & blood vessels in CT (V)
34
What is this?
**TEM of Pancreatic Acinar Cell** * Secretory granules * Zymogens * Released by exocytosis induced by CCK
35
What is this?
**Intercalated and Intralobular Ducts** in Exocrine Pancreas 1. **Intercalated duct** (starts within the acinus and is seen as a centroacinar cell) * simple squamous or low cuboidal * Secrete bicarbonate ions under influence of secretin 2. **Intralobular duct** * simple cuboidal to simple columnar epithelium * w/in a lobule & surrounded by CT 3. **Interlobular duct** * simple columnar or stratified columnar outside of lobules 4. **Zymogens** * leave panncreas via main & accessory pancreatic ducts * go to the duodenum
36
Comparison of Serous Glands
**Parotid Salivary Gland** * No centroacinar cells * Striated ducts * No islet of Langerhans * Myoepithelial cells **Pancreas** * Centroancinar cells * No striated ducts * Islets of Langerhans * No myoepothelial cells
37
What is this?
**Centroacinar cell** **Comparison of Duct Systems** * _Salivary Glands_ * Intercalated --\> Striated --\> Excretory (Interlobular) * intercalated does NOT begin w/in acinus * _Pancreas (exocrine)_ * Intercalated --\> Intralobular --\> Interlobular * Intercalated begins w/ acinus * visulize as centroacinar cells
38
What is this?
Interlobular Duct in Exocrine Pancreas

HSF Block 3 (7 decks)

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