Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Histo and Neuro > HISTO: Nervous Tissue > Flashcards

HISTO: Nervous Tissue Flashcards

(84 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What are the two principal nervous system cells?

A

Neuron and glial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the CNS consisted of?

A

Brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the PNS consisted of?

A

Cranial, spinal and peripheral nerves, nerve endings and ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Who wrote the neuron doctrine?

A

Ramon y Cajal: the nervous system is made up of discrete individual cells, the neurons, supported by astrocytes and by other glial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is Golgi’s theory?

A

It is a reticular system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What staining can be used for neuronal proteins?

A

GFP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The ____ transmits impulses from the periphery

A

Dendrites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The ____ transmits information away from the cell body

A

Axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Specialized axon terminals or contact between neurones is called:

A

Synapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Type of neuron that has one axon and two dendrites:

A

Multipolar neuron
ej: motor and interneurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Type of neuron that has one axon and one dentrite

A

Bipolar neurons
- special senses
- retina and inner ear (vestibulocochlear nerve)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Type of neuron that has one process and two axonal branches:

A

Pseudouniplar neurons
- sensory neurons CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is a perinuclear cytoplasm with abundant rER and free ribosomes called?

A

a Nissl Body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Are dendrites myelinatded?

A

Usually not

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is present on dendrites?

A

Dendritic spines
- involved in synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Where does the axon originate from?

A

The axon hillock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What organelle is present in the axon hillock?

A

Nissl bodies and Golgi cisternae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What can pass through the axon hillock to the axon?

A

Microtubules, neurofilaments, mitochondria and vesicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The region of the axon betweenthe apex of the hillock and myelin sheath is called:

A

The AIS (axon initial segment)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The axon contains specialized terminal branches with enlarged end bulb also
known as ___

A

a terminal button

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the myelin sheath made up of in the CNS?

A

Oligodendrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the myelin sheath made up of in the PNS?

A

Schwann cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Axon length:
What type of axons may travel more than a meter to reach their effector targets, e.g. motor neurons?

A

Golgi type I neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Axon length: have very short axons e.g. many interneurons in CNS

A

Golgi type II neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is critical for functional polarity of neurons?
The organization of microtubules and their arrangement in axon dendrites
26
Which pole is directed distally away from the dendrites?
The (-) charge
27
Which molecular motors are preferentially involved in dendritic transport?
Dynein motors
28
Mutations in ____ have been linked to neurological disorders such as Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, Huntington disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
Mutations in α- or β-tubulin and microtubule-based molecular motors
29
Which type of transport and protein carries material from cell body to axon?
Anterograde - Kinesins using ATP
30
Which type of transport and protein carries material from axon to cell body?
Retrograde and dyneins
31
Which anterograde speeds from 0.2 to 4 mm/day carrying tubulin and actin molecules?
Slow anterograde
32
Which anterograde conveys in both directions at 20 to 400 mm/day with sER, vesicvles and mitochondria?
Fast transport system requires ATP
33
Which pathway allows toxins and viruses that enter the CNS at nerve endings? example: Alpha herpevirus and Rabies
Retrograde transport
34
Which type of synapse contains gap junctions that permits ions movements and don't require neurotransmitters?
Electrical synapses
35
Which type of synapse is conducted by nuerotransmitters from pre-synapstic neurons?
Chemical synapses
36
What element is mainly characterized by presence of synaptic vesicles? SNAREs and synaptotagmin proteins aid in the binding and fusion of vesicles to plasma membrane
Presynaptic elements
37
What component contains receptor sites where neurotransmitters interact? Forms from a portion of plasma membrane of the postsynaptic neuron.
Postsynaptic component
38
Area where "Active zones" synaptic vesicles are docked and neurotransmitters are released:
Presynaptic density
39
Area where elaborate complex of interlinked proteins serve numerous functions:
Postsynaptic density
40
What mechanism is needed for the neurotransmitter release via porocytosis?
SNARE proteins, which is formed after the vesicle fuses to the presynaptic membrane
41
What are excitatory transmitters that cause depolarization?
Glutamate prompts the influx of Na+ and Ca+
42
What are inhibitory transmitters to open transmitter-gated Cl- channels and hyperpolarize?
GABA - makes postsynaptic membrane less conductive
43
Neurotransmitters:
Ach - acetylcholine Norepinephrine Epinephrine Dopamine Setonin
44
Which neurotransmitters binds to curare poison and blocks Na+ channels causing muscle paralysis?
Acetylcholine (Ach)
45
Which neurotransmitter secreted in the CNS is involved in alertness, attention, reward and motivation?
Norepinephrine, epinephrine and Dopamine
46
Which neurotransmitter functions in CNS and enteric system involved in mood, appetite and sleep?
Serotonin or 5-HT - SSRI's antidepressants
47
Loss of ___ is secreted by substancia nigra and basal ganglia. example: Parkinson's disease
Dopamine L-dopa can treat Parkinson's disease
48
Represent accumulation of intermediate neurofilaments in association with proteins α-synuclein and ubiquitin:
Lewy bodies
49
Non-conducting cells close to neurons are called:
Glia or nueroglial cells
50
What are the four major types of glial cells?
Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia and ependymal cells
51
Whare are the two PNS neuroglial supporting cells?
Schwann cells and Satellite cells
52
Name some functions of the glial cells:
- Physical support for neurons. - Insulation (myelin) to facilitate rapid conduction of action potentials. - Repair of neuronal injury. - Regulation of the internal fluid environment - Clearance of neurotransmitters.
53
What are the two types of astrocyte cells?
Protoplasmic and fibrous astrocytes
54
These type of astrocytes reside in grey matter and have short end-feet:
Protoplasmic astrocytes
55
These type of astrocytes are found in white matter (inner core of brain) and have fewer axons:
Fibrous astrocytes
56
What glial cells help maintain tight junctions of capillaries that form the BBB?
Astrocytes
57
What type of intermediate filaments do astrocytes contain?
GFAP - glial fibrillary acidic protein *used for antibody staining *most in fibrous type
58
80% of primary brain tumors arise from ____
Fibrous astrocytomas
59
Protoplasmic astrocyte feet to the basal lamina of the pia mater form ___
Glia limitans *an impermeable barrier surrounding CNS (protect from outside)
60
A condition created by the breakdown of BBB and tissue fluid acumulation:
Cerebral edema
61
Formation and maintenance of CNS myelin is a function of the _____
Oligodendrocytes
62
Which myelin-specific proteins during myelination are important for pathogenesis of demyelination autoimmmunes diseases?
1 - Proteolipid protein (PLP) 2 - Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) 3 - Oligodendrocyte myelin glycoprotein (OMgp)
63
What features helps to distinguish the CNS from the PNS?
The lack of supporting cells around unmyelinated axons and the absence of basal lamina material and connective tissue within the substance of the CNS
64
Cells with small dark elongated nuclei, predominate in gray matter and stained with heavy metals:
Microglia
65
Which glial cell belongs to the mononuclear phagocytotic system?
Microglia derived from GMP and CSF-1
66
What is the main function of microglia?
- Eliminates toxic debris - Enhances neuronal survival by the release of trophic and anti-inflammatory factors. ej: phagocytosis and residual bodies
67
Which cells form the epithelium-like lining of the fluid-filled (transport) cavities of the CNS?
Ependymal cells
68
The apical surface of ependymal cells posses:
Cilia and microvilli, absorb CSF produced by the chroid plexus
69
Where do Schwann cells develop from?
Neural crest cells
70
What are the major proteins for compaction of the myelin sheath?
Myelin basic protein (MBP) Neuregulin 1 (Nrg1) - growth factor Protein 0 (P0) Peripheral myelin protein 22 (PMP22)
71
The thickness of the myelin sheath at myelination is determined by ____ not the Schwann cell
Axon diameter
72
Myelin sheath thickness is regulated by a growth factor called:
Neuregulin 1 (Ngr1)
73
The myelin between two sequential nodes of Ranvier is called an:
internodal segment
74
The site of depolarization of the axonal membrane during nerve impulse transmission and contains clusters of high-density, voltage-gated Na+ channels
Node of Ranvier
75
Guillan-Barre (PNS) and Multiple Sclerosis (CNS) are diseases cause by:
Damage to the myelin sheath (dymyelinating diseases)
76
What are the three nerve connective tissue layers?
1. Epineurium - dense irregular ct 2. Perineurium - specialized ct forms BBB 3. Endoneurium - loose ct
77
Mast cells and macrophages are found within this CT to participate in nerve tissue repair:
Endoneurium
78
Serves as a metabolically active diffusion barrier:
Perineurium
79
Surrounds and binds nerve fascicles into a common bundle:
Epineurium
80
Portion of a nerve fiber distal to a site of injury degenerates because of interrupted axonal transport, leads to breakdown of axonal cytoskeleton known as:
Anterograde Wallerian degeneration
81
Transcription factor involved in early as well as later stages of nerve regeneration:
C-jun
82
In a response to neuron injury Nissl bodies disappear in a process called:
Chromatolysis
83
Proliferated Schwann cells form cellular ______ that are penetrated by the growing axonal sprouts
Cords of Bugner
84
The most important cells in clearing myelin debris from the site of nerve injury are:
Monocyte-derived macrophages

Histo and Neuro (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions