Histo/Ossification

Question 1

3 Types of Fibrous Joints

Answer 1

1. Sutures: made of dense connective tissue ex) squamous suture.
2. Syndesmosis: ligamentous ex) distal tib fib
3. Gomphosis: ligamentous ex) tooth in socket

Question 2

2 Type of Cartilaginous Joint

Answer 2

1. Synchondrosis: hyaline cartilage ex) epiphyseal plates

2. Symphysis: fribrocartilage ex) intercalated discs and pubic symphysis

Question 3

6 Types of Synovial Joints

Answer 3

1. Hinge: most common ex) elbow
2. Plane: gliding joint ex) Carpals of the wrist
3. Pivot: ex) proximal radio ulnar joint
4. Condylar: Condyle and fossa ex) metacarpals and phalanges
5. Saddle: ex) thumb joint
6. Ball in Socket: ex) shoulder/hip joints

Question 4

Synarthrosis

Answer 4

Sutures, syndesmosis, gomphosis, and synchondrosis.

Question 5

Amphiarthrosis

Answer 5

Symphysis

Question 6

Diarthrosis

Answer 6

All synovial joints.

Question 7

Subdivisions of the Abdominal Cavity

Answer 7

Top right: right hypochondriac region
Top middle: Epigastric region
Top left: Left hypochondriac region
Middle right: right lumbar region
Middle: umbilical region
Middle left: left lumbar region
Bottom right: right iliac (inguinal) region
Bottom middle: hypogastric region
Bottom left: left iliac (inguinal) region

Question 8

Rough ER

Answer 8

Synthesis and packaging of proteins

Question 9

Smooth ER

Answer 9

Synthesis and packaging of lipids

Question 10

Golgi Body

Answer 10

Synthesis and packaging of carbs

Question 11

Mucous Production

Answer 11

1. mucopolysaccaride is synthesized in the rough ER
2. transported to the Golgi
3. Golgi packages it secretory vesicles
4. vesicles fuse with membrane and enter lumen by exocytosis

Question 12

Epithelial Tissue

Answer 12

1. covers external/internal body surfaces, tissues or glands
2. anchored to connective tissue
3. lacks blood vessels
4. reproduces readily and heals rapidly
5. tightly packed

Question 13

Simple Squamous Epithelium

Answer 13

• alveoli and endothelium (simple diffusion)

- Flat coin shaped cells

Question 14

Stratified squamous epithelium

Answer 14

• protective when keratinized in the epidermis

- found also in the lining of the mouth, vagina, anus,

Question 15

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

Answer 15

-found in the kidney tubules and glandular epithelium

Question 16

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

Answer 16

• usually only two layers

- mammary glands and parotid salivary glands

Question 17

Simple Columnar Epitelium

Answer 17

• has goblet cells

- lines gut, respiratory tract, and oviducts

Question 18

Psuedostratified Columnar Epithelium

Answer 18

• appears to be two layers but only one
• found in the trachea, bronchi
• ciliated

Question 19

Stratified Columnar Epithelium

Answer 19

• uncommon

- urethral lining in male and pharynx

Question 20

Transitional epithelium

Answer 20

• stratified
• cells vary
• urinary bladder, ureter, and urethra (can stretch considerably)

Question 21

CT

Answer 21

Much matrix few cells

Question 22

Fibroblast

Answer 22

• basic cells of CT

- produces fibers by secreting proteins into matrix

Question 23

Macrophage

Answer 23

• carries out phagocytosis

- clears out foreign particles from tissues

Question 24

Mast Cell

Answer 24

Releases histamine (allergic reaction, inflammation), and heparin (prevents clots)

Question 25

CT fibers

Answer 25

Collagen: thick, grouped in long parallel bundles, found in dense CT, "white fibers" Elastin: very elastic, easily stretched, "yellow fibers" Reticular Fibers: very thin

Question 26

Non Rigid, General: Loose Areolar CT

Answer 26

- found in the papillary layer of the dermis | - connects skin to underlying muscle

Question 27

Non Rigid, General: Dense Regular (Fibrous) CT

Answer 27

- found in tendons and ligaments - parallel collagen and some elastin fibers - poor blood supply, slow to heal

Question 28

Non Rigid, General: Dense Irregular CT

Answer 28

- reticular layer of the dermis | - irregularily arranged collagen fibers

Question 29

Non Rigid, General: Elastic CT

Answer 29

- blood vessel walls | - Can lose elasticity with age, circulation efficiency drops bp rises

Question 30

Non Rigid, Specialized: Adipose CT

Answer 30

- made from adipocytes - insulates, padding - found around heart, behind eye, hypodermis

Question 31

Non Rigid, Specialized: Blood CT

Answer 31

-erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes and plasma

Question 32

Rigid, Bone CT: Compact Bone

Answer 32

haversian systems ( DRAW )

Question 33

Rigid, Bone CT: Spongy Bone

Answer 33

- made of spikey trabeculae | - found at the ends of long bones

Question 34

Rigid, Cartilage CT: Hyaline

Answer 34

- most common in the body | - found in epiphyseal plates, nose, larynx, trachea, articular cartilage at the ends of long bones

Question 35

Rigid, Cartilage CT: Fibrocartilage

Answer 35

- intervertebral discs, knee menisci, pubic symphysis | - lacunae and chondrocytes in rows

Question 36

Rigid, Cartilage CT: Elastic

Answer 36

- external ear, epiglottis | - largest lacunae

Question 37

Smooth Muscle

Answer 37

- Involuntary without striations - assoc with internal organs and respiratory tract - fusiform (spindle) shaped cells - single central nucleus

Question 38

Cardiac Muscle

Answer 38

- Involuntary with indistinct striations - Branched cells with intercalated discs - single central nucleus - Only in the heart

Question 39

Skeletal Muscle

Answer 39

- Voluntary with distinct striations - cylindrical shape - multiple peripheral nuclei - associated with muscles resulting in body movement

Question 40

Serous Membrane

Answer 40

- wet - simple squamous on loose areolar CT 1. visceral and parietal peritoneal membranes (around abdominal organs) 2. visceral and parietal pleural membranes ( around lungs) 3. visceral and parietal pericardial membranes (around the heart)

Question 41

Synovial Membrane

Answer 41

- dry - assoc with joints - fibrous ct, areolar ct and adipose

Question 42

Mucous Membrane

Answer 42

- epithelium (non keratinized stratified squamous and areolar ct) - lines body cavities that open to exterior (sinuses, mouth) and passages leading to and from them - Continuous with skin near openings