Histo- urinary system

Question 1

The urinary system consists of:

Answer 1

1) Paired kidneys
2) Paired ureters
3) One urinary bladder
4) One urethra

Question 2

functions of the urinary system:

Answer 2

1) Regulation of Blood Ionic Composition
2) Regulation of Blood Volume and Blood Pressure
3) Regulation of Blood pH
4) Conservation of Valuable Nutrients
5) Production and Secretion of Hormones (Endocrine Function)
6) Assisting the Liver in Detoxification of Poisons
7) Elimination of Organic Waste Products and Foreign Substances

Question 3

The hilum of the kidneys

Answer 3

• the deep vertical fissure along the medial concave border of the kidney
• where renal vessels, nerves, and renal pelvis pass into/out of the kidney.

Question 4

what is found Just past the hilum of the kidney

Answer 4

an internal space called the renal sinus

Question 5

the renal sinus:

Answer 5

filled with loose connective tissue and adipose tissue, along with part of the renal pelvis, the calyces, and branches of the blood vessels and nerves.

Question 6

The kidneys surface is covered by a connective tissue capsule called what?

Answer 6

the renal capsule.

Question 7

what is the parenchyma?

Answer 7

the functional part of the kidney

Question 8

what are the 2 regions of the parenchyma?

Answer 8

1) the renal cortex

2) the renal medulla

Question 9

the Renal Medulla is divided into what?

Answer 9

1) renal pyramids

2) renal columns

Question 10

what is the structure of the renal pyramids?

Answer 10

A) 6-18 distinct conical or triangular structures
B) the base faces the cortex
C) the apex is the renal papilla

Question 11

where are the renal columns found? what is it made of?

Answer 11

• in between pyramids

- cortical tissue within medulla

Question 12

what is a renal lobe composed of?

Answer 12

consists of a renal pyramid, its overlying renal cortex, and one-half of each adjacent renal columns

Question 13

what is a nephron?

Answer 13

the fundamental structural and functional unit of the kidney.

Question 14

A nephron consists of two parts:

Answer 14

(1) a renal corpuscle

(2) a renal tubule.

Question 15

where does glomerular filtration occur?

Answer 15

the renal corpuscle

Question 16

where does tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion occur

Answer 16

renal tubules

Question 17

nephron + collecting tubule =

Answer 17

uriniferous tubule

Question 18

Each nephron will drain into what?

Answer 18

a collecting tubule

Question 19

For urine to be produced, the nephrons perform three processes:

Answer 19

1) Glomerular filtration
2) Tubular reabsorption
3) Tubular secretion

Question 20

Glomerular filtration

Answer 20

first step; water and most solutes in blood plasma move from the glomerular capillaries into the glomerular (i.e. Bowman’s) capsule.

Question 21

Tubular reabsorption

Answer 21

• Filtered fluid then moves through the renal tubule
• the tubule cells reabsorb ~99% of filtered water and many solutes
• these items return to the blood at the peritubular capillaries.

Question 22

Tubular secretion

Answer 22

The tubule cells can remove additional substances (ex. wastes, drugs, and excessive ions) from the blood in the peritubular capillaries.

Question 23

what is the beginning of the nephron? Where is it located?

Answer 23

• Renal corpuscle

- located in the renal cortex.

Question 24

The two components of a renal corpuscle

Answer 24

(1) the glomerulus and

2) Bowman’s capsule (a.k.a. glomerular capsule

Question 25

The glomerulus

Answer 25

- a tuft of capillaries composed of 10 to 20 capillary loops | - supplied by an afferent arteriole and drained by an efferent arteriole

Question 26

layers of the bowman's capsule

Answer 26

Visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule – internal layer | Parietal layer of Bowman’s capsule – external layer

Question 27

the first part of the renal tubule

Answer 27

the proximal convoluted tubule

Question 28

Visceral layer of the Bowman's capsule

Answer 28

A) internal layer B) modified simple squamous epithelial cells called podocytes C) extensions of these cells (pedicels) will wrap around the single layer of endothelial cells of the glomerular capillaries

Question 29

filtration slits (bowman's capsules)

Answer 29

A) is where the ultrafiltrate from the blood enters Bowman’s space B) covered by the slit diaphragm

Question 30

Parietal Layer of the Bowman's capsules

Answer 30

external layer; simple squamous epithelium.

Question 31

A renal tubule consists of what?

Answer 31

A) a proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) B) the loop of Henle (nephron loop) C) the distal convoluted tubule (DCT).

Question 32

The renal tubule is where what occurs?

Answer 32

tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion occurs.

Question 33

Proximal Convoluted Tubule –

Answer 33

attaches to the glomerular capsule; highly coiled tube; lies within the renal cortex.

Question 34

Loop of Henle

Answer 34

extends from the renal cortex into the renal medulla, turns, and returns to cortex.

Question 35

Distal Convoluted Tubule –

Answer 35

last part of the renal tubule; highly coiled tube; lies within the renal cortex; the distal convoluted tubule empties into a collecting tubule.

Question 36

histological differences between proximal and distal convoluted tubules:

Answer 36

1) the proximal convoluted tubules have a larger outside diameter 2) their cytoplasm stains a little pinker (due to mitochondria) 3) their cells are larger so there are fewer nuclei around the lumen as compared to the distal convoluted tubules

Question 37

Nephron Loop (a.k.a. Loop of Henle) is composed of

Answer 37

1) Thick descending limb of the loop of Henle (a.k.a. proximal straight tubule) 2) Thin descending limb of the loop of Henle 3) Thin ascending limb of the loop of Henle 4) Thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle (a.k.a. distal straight tubule)

Question 38

Thick descending limb of the loop of Henle (a.k.a. proximal straight tubule) is composed of what

Answer 38

composed of simple cuboidal epithelial cells.

Question 39

Thin descending limb of the loop of Henle is composed of what

Answer 39

composed of simple squamous epithelial cells.

Question 40

Thin ascending limb of the loop of Henle is composed of what

Answer 40

composed of simple squamous epithelial cells.

Question 41

Thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle (a.k.a. distal straight tubule) is composed of what

Answer 41

composed of simple cuboidal epithelial cells

Question 42

Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)

Answer 42

- found in the cortex - lined with simple cuboidal epithelium - Lots of mitochondria

Question 43

The final part of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle comes in contact with what?

Answer 43

comes in contact with the afferent arteriole from the same nephron

Question 44

what is the macula densa?

Answer 44

a region where the cells are crowded together and become columnar with apical nuclei.

Question 45

what are juxtaglomerular cells

Answer 45

modified smooth muscle cells in the walls of the afferent arteriole

Question 46

Macula and Juxtaglomerular cells form what?

Answer 46

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus (JGA)

Question 47

The juxtaglomerular apparatus helps to regulate what?

Answer 47

blood pressure within the kidneys

Question 48

what is the path of urine starting at the minor calyx?

Answer 48

``` From minor calyx To major calyx To renal pelvis To ureter To urinary bladder To urethra To toilet ```

Question 49

collecting tubules unite into larger collecting ducts which then merge near the apex of the pyramid to form what?

Answer 49

papillary ducts (ducts of Bellini)

Question 50

what is the muscularis layer of the Calyces, renal pelvis, ureter, and urinary bladder

Answer 50

``` Muscularis layer: Smooth muscle A) Inner longitudinal layer B) Outer circular layer C) Outermost longitudinal layer (distal end of ureter and present in bladder) ```

Question 51

Male urethra- the 3 parts, and what type of epithelium they are made of

Answer 51

A) prostatic urethra- lined with urothelium B) Membranous urethra- lined by stratified columnar epithelium and pseudostratified columnar epithelium C) Spongy Urethra – lined stratified columnar epithelium and pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Question 52

female urethra- what is it lined with?

Answer 52

Lined initially by urothelium then by stratified squamous epithelium, with the occasional pseudostratified columnar epithelium.