Histologic Techniques Flashcards by ASIA ELISSE ENRIQUEZ

The study of the tissues of the body and how these tissues are arranged to constitute organs.

A. Anatomy
B. Physiology
C. Cytology
D. Histology
E. None of the above

Histology

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It is the scientific study of fine details of biological cells and tissues.

A. Anatomy
B. Physiology
C. Cytology
D. Histology
E. None of the above

Histology

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It uses a microscope to look at specimens that have been carefully prepared using special process.

A. Histological techniques
B. Staining techniques
C. Microscope techniques
D. Embedding techniques

Histological techqniques

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Collection of cells with similar structures and functions that have similar extracellular substances located between them.

A. Organs
B. Organ systems
C. Tissues
D. Organelles

Tissues

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Which of the following are the basic tissue types?

A. Epithelial tissue
B. Connective tissue
C. Muscle tissue
D. Nervous tissue
E. All of the above

All of the above

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What is the correct order of tissue processing?

Numbering > Fixation > Decalcification* > Dehydration > Clearing > Paraffin infiltration > Embedding > Blocking > Trimming > Sectioning > Staining > Mounting > Labelling

Mnemonic: NFD*DCP EBTS SML

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Small pieces of tissue are placed in solutions of chemicals that cross-link proteins and inactivate enzymes, which preserve cell and tissue structure.

A. Numbering
B. Fixation
C. Decalcification
D. Dehydration
E. Clearing

Fixation

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The tissue is transferred through a series of increasingly concentrated alcohol solutions, ending in 100% which removes all water.

A. Numbering
B. Fixation
C. Decalcification
D. Dehydration
E. Clearing

Dehydration

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Alcohol is removed in organic solvents in which both alcohol and paraffin are miscible.

A. Numbering
B. Fixation
C. Decalcification
D. Dehydration
E. Clearing

Clearing

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Tissue is placed in melted paraffin until it becomes completely infiltrated.

A. Paraffin infiltration
B. Embedding
C. Blocking
D. Trimming
E. Sectioning

Paraffin infiltration

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Placed in a small mold with melted paraffin and allowed to harden.

A. Paraffin infiltration
B. Embedding
C. Blocking
D. Trimming
E. Sectioning

Embedding

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The resulting paraffin block is trimmed to expose the tissue for sectioning or slicing on a microtome.

A. Paraffin infiltration
B. Embedding
C. Blocking
D. Trimming
E. Sectioning

Trimming

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It is widely used fixative for light microscopy.

A. 37% Glutaraldehyde
B. 37% Saline solution
C. 37% Formaldehyde
D. 37% Butanoic Acid
E. None of the above

37% Formaldehyde

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Fixative used in electron microscopy.

A. Glutaraldehyde
B. Formalin
C. Aldehyde
D. Formaldehyde
E. None of the above

Glutaraldehyde

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Of all staining methods, it is the simple combination that is most commonly used.

Hematoxylin and Eosin

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Which is considered a counterstain in H&E.

Eosin

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In a more complex procedures, such as __________, allow greater distinctions among various EC tissue components.

A. Masson trichrome
B. PAS reaction
C. H&E
D. Feulgen reaction
E. Sudan black

Masson trichrome

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Utilizes hexose rings of polysaccharides and other carbohydrate-rich tissue structures and stains.

A. Masson trichrome
B. Feulgen reaction
C. H&E
D. Periodic acid-Schiff reaction
E. None of the above

Periodic acid-Schiff Reaction

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Modification of PAS procedure wherein the DNA of cell nuclei can be specifically stained.

A. Masson trichrome
B. Feulgen reaction
C. H&E
D. Periodic acid-Schiff reaction
E. None of the above

Feulgen reaction

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Lipid soluble dyes which can be useful in diagnosis of metabolic diseases that involve intracellular accumulations of cholesterol, phospholipids, or glycolipids.

A. Masson trichrome
B. Feulgen reaction
C. Sudan black
D. Periodic acid-Schiff Reaction
E. None of the above

Sudan black

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Final step before microscopic observation.

A. Paraffin infiltration
B. Mounting and Labelling
C. Blocking
D. Trimming
E. Sectioning

Mounting and Labelling

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Used in elucidating functional aspects of the cells, tissues, organs.

A. Histological techniques
B. Advanced visualization techniques
C. Staining techniques
D. Immunohistochemical techniques
E. None of the above

Advanced visualization techniques

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In advanced visualization techniques, it uses chemical reactions, enzymatic processes, and physico-chemical processes that do not only stain the tissue but also permit the localization of EC and IC molecules of interest.

A. True
B. False

True

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Which of the following pertains to advanced visualization techniques:

A. Autoradiography
B. Enzyme histochemistry and Immunohistochemistry
C. In vitro Culture
D. Gene technology
E. All of the above

All of the above

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Studies the behavior of cells in response to normal and induced experimental stress. A. In situ culture B. In vivo culture C. In vitro culture D. 2 of the choices are correct E. None of the above

In vitro Culture

Process where cells are grown under controlled conditions, generally outside of their natural environment. A. Tissue culture B. Cell culture C. Viral culture D. Bacterial culture E. Parasitic culture

Cell culture

In practice, it is where culturing of cells derived from especially from animal cells.

Multicellular eukaryotes

It allows direct observation of the cell behavior. A. Tissue culture B. Cell culture C. Viral culture D. Bacterial culture E. Parasitic culture

Cell culture

Which of the following are uses of In vitro culture? I. Study of normal and malignant cells. II. Development of new drugs. III. Study of intracellular parasites, viruses, protozoa, bacteria. IV. Determination of human karyotypes. V. Detect genetic disorders VI. Molecular biology and recombinant DNA technique A. I, II, IV only B. II, V, VI only C. I, III, VI only D. None of the above E. All of the above

All of the above

Which of the following steps is/are false regarding the process to culture cells. I. Harvest cells. II. Isolate cells with the use of appropriate enzymes. III. Apply the isolated cells on to an appropriate growth media in a culture dish. IV. Culture cells by placing the culture dish in a cell incubator. V. Subculture cells to obtain a pure culture or to bypass some problems (such as senescence). VI. Verify the cultured cells are the cell type of interest. VII. Cells are ready to be manipulated or modified for experimental procedures. A. I, II, IV only B. II, V, VI only C. I, III, VI only D. None of the above E. All of the above

All of the above

In cell culture we use what microscope? A. Light microscope B. Electron Microscope C. Inverted Microscope D. Any microscope will do as long as we see the cultured cells. E. None of the above

Inverted microscope

Utilizes X-ray film to visualize molecules or fragments of molecules that have been radioactively labeled. A. Autoradiography B. Cell & Tissue Culture C. Enzyme Histochemistry D. Visualization Specific Molecules E. None of the above

Autoradiography

Types of autoradiography

In vivo autoradiography and in vitro autoradiography

Type of autoradiography wherein receptors are labelled in intact living tissue by systemic administration of the radioligand. A. In vito autoradiography B. In vitro autoradiography C. In viro autoradiography D. In vivo autoradiography E. In vitro autoradiography

In vivo autoradiography

Tissues are now removed, processed, and visualized in what type of autoradiography. A. In vito autoradiography B. In vitro autoradiography C. In viro autoradiography D. In vivo autoradiography E. In vitro autoradiography

In vivo autoradiography

Slide mounted tissue sections are incubated with radioligand. A. In vito autoradiography B. In vitro autoradiography C. In viro autoradiography D. In vivo autoradiography E. In vitro autoradiography

In vitro autoradiography

Receptors are now labelled under very controlled conditions in what type of autoradiography. A. In vito autoradiography B. In vitro autoradiography C. In viro autoradiography D. In vivo autoradiography E. In vitro autoradiography

In vitro autoradiography

Method of localizing newly synthesized macromolecules in cells or tissue sections. A. Histologic autoradiography B. Microscopic autoradiography C. Cytologic autoradiography D. Sarcoplasmic autoradiography

Microscopic autoradiography

Slides with radiolabeled cells or tissue sections are coated in a darkroom with photographic emulsion containing silver bromide crystals. A. True B. False

True

In microscopic autoradiography, microscopic exam displays the presence of silver grains over the regions where the isotope labelled molecule was located. A. True B. False

True

The results of autoradiography in microscopic examination displays the presence of silver grains over the regions where isotope-labeled molecule was located. A. True B. False

True

In micrography, radioactive isotopes are incorporated into a target macromolecules. A. True B. False

False

The presence of radioisotope in autoradiography is detected by a thin layer of emulsion. A. True B. False

True

The slide is placed in the dark for several weeks and the radioactive particles emitted exposes the emulsion. A. True B. False

True

It is developed like a film on a slide with coverslip and viewed under light microscope.

Emulsion

These act as micro detectors of the radiation in the same way that they respond to light in photographic film.

Silver bromide

__________ reduced by the radiation produce small black grains of metallic silver, which under either the light microscope or TEM indicate the locations of radiolabeled macromolecules in the tissue.

Silver bromide crystals

In the results of microscopic examination, it displays the presence of __________ over the regions where the isotope-labeled molecule was located.

Silver grains

After a period of incubation, some cells are transferred to a glass slide. The slide is dipped into a liquid photographic emulsion containing __________, which clings to the slide in a thin layer.

Light-sensitive silver bromide

Autoradiography has been used in biology on the macroscopic level to study the uptake of radioactive tracers by both plant leaves and animal organs. A. True B. False

True

A liquid photographic emulsion that is used cove the radioactive sample.

Light-sensitive silver bromide

Process used to separate cellular components while preserving individual functions of each components. A. Autoradiography B. Cell & Tissue Culture C. Enzyme Histochemistry D. Visualization Specific Molecules E. Cell Fractionation

Cell Fractionation

Method for localizing cellular structures using a specific enzymatic activity. A. Autoradiography B. Cell & Tissue Culture C. Enzyme Histochemistry D. Visualization Specific Molecules E. None of the above

Enzyme Histochemistry

Enzymes that can be detected histochemically include the following except: A. Phosphatases B. Dehydrogenases C. Peroxidase D. Proteases

Proteases

Split the bond between a phosphate group and phosphorylated molecules. A. Phosphatases B. Dehydrogenases C. Peroxidase D. Proteases

Phosphatases

Remove hydrogen ions from one substrate and transfer them to another. A. Phosphatases B. Dehydrogenases C. Peroxidase D. Proteases

Dehydrogenases

Promotes the oxidation of substrates with the transfer of hydrogen ions to hydrogen peroxide. A. Phosphatases B. Dehydrogenases C. Peroxidase D. Proteases

Peroxidase

Uses a labeled antibodies are extremely useful in identifying and localizing many specific proteins, not just those with enzymatic activity. A. Immunohistochemistry B. Cell & Tissue Culture C. Immunocytochemistry D. Visualization Specific Molecules E. None of the above

Immunohistochemistry

Based on specific reactions between an antigen and antibodies labeled with visible markers. A. Immunohistochemistry B. Cell & Tissue Culture C. Immunocytochemistry D. Visualization Specific Molecules E. None of the above

Immunohistochemistry

Combines anatomical, immunological and biochemical techniques to identify discrete tissue components by the interaction of target antigens with specific antibodies tagged with a visible label. A. Immunohistochemistry B. Cell & Tissue Culture C. Immunocytochemistry D. Visualization Specific Molecules E. None of the above

Immunocytochemistry

Commonly used method that identifies the presence and pattern of proteins expression in biologic sample and its localization in the context of tissue morphology. A. Immunohistochemistry B. Cell & Tissue Culture C. Immunocytochemistry D. Visualization Specific Molecules E. None of the above

Immunocytochemistry

Uses an antibody made against the tissue protein of interest and tagged directly with a label such as fluorescent compound or peroxidase. A. Immunohistochemistry B. Immunocytochemistry C. Direct immunocytochemistry D. Indirect Immunocytochemistry E. None of the above

Direct immunocytochemistry

Uses a primary antibody made against the protein of interest and applied to the tissue section to bind its specific antigen then a labeled secondary antibody. A. Immunohistochemistry B. Immunocytochemistry C. Direct immunocytochemistry D. Indirect Immunocytochemistry E. None of the above

Indirect immunocytochemistry

General steps in immunocytochemistry

Sample preparation Labelling

It refers to binding of complementary nucleotide sequences to one another with specificity. A. Immunohistochemistry B. Cell & Tissue Culture C. Immunocytochemistry D. Visualization Specific Molecules E. Hybridization

Hybridization

A method of analyzing the tissue distribution of particular nucleotide sequences in DNA and RNA. A. Hybridization B. In vivo hybridization C. In vitro hybridization D. In situ hybridization E. None of the choices

In situ hybridization

It determines if a cell has a specific sequence of DNA. A. Hybridization B. In vivo hybridization C. In vitro hybridization D. In situ hybridization E. None of the choices

In situ hybridization

It identifies the cell containing specific mRNAs. A. Hybridization B. In vivo hybridization C. In vitro hybridization D. In situ hybridization E. None of the choices

In situ hybridization

It determines the localization of a gene in a specific chromosome. A. Hybridization B. In vivo hybridization C. In vitro hybridization D. In situ hybridization E. None of the choices

In situ hybridization

In vivo hybridization is a powerful technique for identifying specific mRNA species within individual cells in tissue sections providing insights into physiological and disease pathogenesis. A. True B. False

False

In vitro hybridization is a method of analyzing the tissue distribution of particular nucleotide sequences in DNA and RNA. A. True B. False

False

In situ hybridization is a method of analyzing the tissue distribution of particular nucleotide sequences in DNA and RNA. A. True B. False

True

It is the formation a partially or wholly complementary nucleic acid duplex by association of single strands. A. Hybridization B. Labels C. Biotin-labeled proteins D. Digoxigenin-labeled probes

Hybridization

Visualizing molecules conjugated to, or incorporated into the probes or primers. A. Hybridization B. Labels C. Biotin-labeled proteins D. Digoxigenin-labeled probes

Labels

Demonstrated with enzymes or fluorochromes covalently linked to avidin. A. Hybridization B. Labels C. Biotin-labeled proteins D. Digoxigenin-labeled probes

Biotin-labeled proteins

Bound by anti digoxigenin antibody conjugated to a fluorescent molecule or enzyme. A. Hybridization B. Labels C. Biotin-labeled proteins D. Digoxigenin-labeled probes

Digoxigenin probes

Which of the following are the key techniques used in in situ hybridization (ISH)? I. ISH to mRNA with oligonucleotide and RNA probes. II. Analysis with light and electron microscopes. III. Whole mount ISH IV. Double detection of RNAs and RNA plus protein V. Fluorescent ISH A. I only B. II only C. III only D. IV only E. All of the above

All of the above

Key techniques used in in situ hybridization (ISH) for detection of chromosomal sequences. A. ISH to mRNA with oligonucleotide and RNA probes. B. Analysis with light and electron microscopes. C. Whole mount ISH D. Double detection of RNAs and RNA plus protein E. Fluorescent ISH

Fluorescent ISH

It is a rapid, inexpensive and simple way of copying specific nucleic acid fragments from minute quantities of source material.

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

PCR require the use of radioisotopes or toxic chemicals. It also involves the preparation of the DNA sample and a master mix with dimers, followed by detecting reaction products. A. Both statements are true B. Both statements are false C. Only the first statement is true D. Only the second statement is true

Both statements are false

Which of the following are the purpose of nucleic acid amplification? I. To verify the identity of nucleic acid constructs II. Used in monitoring gene expression in cells in vitro III. To diagnose a genetic disorder IV. Used for cloning and sequencing for in vitro studies V. To detect the presence of an organism A. I only B. II only C. III only D. IV and V only E. All of the above

All of the above

Histologic Techniques Flashcards

(81 cards)