Histological Techniques + More

Question 1

What is the purpose of staining in light microscopy?

Answer 1

Enhances contrast for structure differentiation

Question 2

What type of dyes stain acidic cell structures well?

Answer 2

Basic dyes

Question 3

What type of dyes stain alkaline structures well?

Answer 3

Acidic dyes

Question 4

What does Hematoxylin stain?

Answer 4

Basophilic (acidic) structures blue

Question 5

What does Eosin stain?

Answer 5

Eosinophilic (alkaline) structures red

Question 6

What color does PAS stain carbohydrates?

Answer 6

Pink

Question 7

What appearance does muscle have with Van Giesen’s stain?

Answer 7

Yellow

Question 8

What appearance does collagen have with Van Giesen’s stain?

Answer 8

Red

Question 9

What color does muscle appear with Trichrome stain?

Answer 9

Red

Question 10

What color does collagen appear with Trichrome stain?

Answer 10

Blue

Question 11

What color do elastic fibers appear with Verhoeff stain?

Answer 11

Black

Question 12

What color do reticular fibers appear with silver stain?

Answer 12

Black

Question 13

What is the composition of the cell membrane?

Answer 13

Lipid molecules (phospholipids), cholesterol, and proteins

Question 14

What is the function of the cell membrane?

Answer 14

Selectively permeable barrier, enabling transport and communication

Question 15

What are the types of membrane proteins?

Answer 15

• Structural
• Transport
• Enzymatic
• Receptor
• Adhesion

Question 16

What is the glycocalyx?

Answer 16

Carbohydrate layer providing protection, lubrication, and cell recognition

Question 17

What are the types of membrane transport?

Answer 17

• Passive (diffusion, facilitated diffusion)
• Active (carrier proteins, ion pumps)
• Endocytosis (phagocytosis, pinocytosis)
• Exocytosis

Question 18

What are endosomes?

Answer 18

Membrane-bound vesicles for intracellular sorting

Question 19

What is the role of early endosomes?

Answer 19

Sort endocytosed material near plasma membrane

Question 20

What do late endosomes do?

Answer 20

Degrade material and merge with lysosomes near Golgi

Question 21

What do lysosomes contain?

Answer 21

Hydrolytic enzymes

Question 22

What do lysosomes digest?

Answer 22

• Microorganisms
• Cell debris
• Old organelles

Question 23

What leads to lysosomal storage diseases?

Answer 23

Failure to degrade substances

Question 24

What do peroxisomes contain?

Answer 24

Oxidative enzymes

Question 25

What is the function of peroxisomes?

Answer 25

Convert hydrogen peroxide byproduct into water to prevent cellular damage

Question 26

Where are peroxisomes abundant?

Answer 26

Liver and kidney cells

Question 27

What is the primary function of mitochondria?

Answer 27

Generate ATP via oxidative phosphorylation

Question 28

What is unique about the structure of mitochondria?

Answer 28

Double-membrane structure with inner folds (cristae)

Question 29

What does the mitochondria contain that is unique?

Answer 29

Own DNA, capable of self-replication

Question 30

What is the function of chloroplasts?

Answer 30

Site of photosynthesis

Question 31

What is the largest cellular compartment?

Answer 31

Cytosol

Question 32

What is the consistency of cytosol?

Answer 32

Gel-like

Question 33

What is the site of metabolic reactions and protein synthesis?

Answer 33

Cytosol

Question 34

What is glycogen?

Answer 34

Storage form of glucose, abundant in liver and muscle cells

Question 35

What are lipid droplets?

Answer 35

Energy reserves found in adipocytes

Question 36

What is melanin responsible for?

Answer 36

Skin/hair color

Question 37

What is hemosiderin?

Answer 37

Iron-storage pigment, accumulates in conditions like hemosiderosis

Question 38

What is lipofuscin known as?

Answer 38

Aging pigment

Question 39

What is the function of the cytoskeleton?

Answer 39

Provides structural support

Question 40

What are the functions of the cytoskeleton?

Answer 40

* Aids in cell movement * Intracellular transport * Division

Question 41

What are microfilaments composed of?

Answer 41

Actin filaments

Question 42

What is the size of microfilaments?

Answer 42

Smallest (7 nm)

Question 43

What are intermediate filaments responsible for?

Answer 43

Provide tensile strength and structural stability

Question 44

What is the size of intermediate filaments?

Answer 44

Medium-sized (10 nm)

Question 45

What are microtubules composed of?

Answer 45

α- and β-tubulin dimers

Question 46

What is the size of microtubules?

Answer 46

Largest (25 nm)

Question 47

What is the function of microtubules?

Answer 47

Serve as tracks for intracellular transport and mitotic spindle formation