Histology Flashcards
(86 cards)
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Simple Cuboidal
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Pseudostratified Columnar
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Simple Columnar
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Stratified Columnar
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Transitional
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Stratified Cuboidal
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Simple Squamous
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Stratified Squamous
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Adipose
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Blood
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Osteous (bone)
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Hyaline Cartilage
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Areolar
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Dense Irregular
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Dense Regular
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Reticular
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Elastic Dense
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Fibrocartilage
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Elastic Cartilage
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Skeletal Muscle
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Cardiac Muscle
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Smooth Muscle
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Neuron/Neuroglia
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Tissues
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Cells that work together to perform a function
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Histology
Study of tissues
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Extracellular Matrix
A network of proteins that provide the structural and biochemical support for surrounding cells
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Functions of Epithelial Tissue
Physical protection, control permeability, provide sensation, produce specialized secretions
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Location of Epithelial Tissue
cover body surface, cover and line internal organs, and compose glands
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Epithelia
Layers of cells that cover internal or external sufaces, have gland cells
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Exocrine glands
Secrete on external areas of the body
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Endocrine glands
Secrete hormones into interstitial fluid
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Distinguishing Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue
Tightly packed cells, lack of blood vessels, free surface, basement membrane, readily divide
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Simple Squamous
* Single, thin, flat layer
* Absorption and diffusion
* Kidney passages, inside eye, alveoli of lungs
* Slippery surface reduces friction
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Stratified Squamous Epithelium
* where mechanical/chemical stresses are severe
* series of layers
* skin, mouth, throat, esophagus, rectum, anus, vagina
* keratinized/non-keratinized
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Keratinized
found on skin surface, abrasion resistant
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Non-Keratinized
Resists abrasion but can dry out
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Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
* line exocrine glands and ducts
* portions of kidney
* secretory chambers of thyroid gland
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Stratified cuboidal epithelium
* rare
* ducts of various exocrine glands (skin)
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Transitional epithelium
* stretches and recoils
* bladder, urine-collecting chambers of kidneys
* relaxed, plump, and cuboidal
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Simple columnar epithelium
Stomach, intestine, uterine tubes, kidney ducts
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Stratified Columnar Epithelium
* relatively rare
* only superficial cells are columnar
* rare ducts of salivary glands and pancreas
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Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
* nasal cavities, trachea, larger airways of lungs
* cilia move substances
* appear stratified
* every cell attached to basal lamina
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Connective tissue
most abundant and widely distributed tissue in the body, never exposed to outside, blood vessels and sensory receptors
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Basic Components of Connective Tissue
* specialized cells
* extracellular protein fibers
* fluid (ground substance) - more than epithelial
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Function of Connective Tissue
* structural framework for the body
* transport fluids and dissolved materials
* protect delicate organs
* support, surround, interconnect other types of tissue
* store energy reserves (triglycerides)
* defend from invading microorganisms
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Distinguishing characteristics of connective tissue
* matrix between cells
* good blood supply
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Extracellular protein fibers of connective tissue
* reticular - strong branching network
* collagen - thick, very strong
* elastic - slender, stretchy
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Fluid of connectice tissue
clear and colorless, syrupy due to proteins
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Melanocytes
synthesize melanin, fixed
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fixed macrophages
engulf cell debris and pathogens, fixed
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Mast cells
stimulate inflammation and mobilize defenses, fixed
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fibroblasts
synthesize extracellular fibers, fixed
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Adipocytes
store lipid reserves, fixed
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plasma cells
immune cell producing antibodies, wandering
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free macrophages
consume debris and pathogens, wandering
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Mesenchymal cells
stem cells that aid tissue repair, wandering
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neutrophils and eosinophils
phagocytic blood cells, wandering
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lymphocytes
immune stem cells, wandering
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Loose connective tissue proper
fibers create loose, open framework
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areolar (loose connective)
* most common connective proper
* packing material of the body
* wraps/cusions organs
* has all connective tissue proper cell types
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adipose (loose connective)
* deep to skin
* mostly cells (adipocytes)
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Reticular (loose connective)
* liver, kidney, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow
* provides support and resists distortion
* many reticular fibers forming network
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Dense Connective Tissue Proper
* fibers densely packed
* desnse regular
* dense irregular
* elastic
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Dense Regular
* tendons and ligaments
* parallel collagen fibers
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Dense Irregular
* visceral organs, superficial layers of bones, cartilages, and peripheral nerves, dermis
* no consistent pattern of fiber arrangement
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Elastic
* more elastic fibers than collagen
* springy and resilient
* between vertebrae, walls of large blood vessels
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Fluid Connective Tissue
Blood and lymph, fluid matrix with suspended proteins, normally without fibers
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Blood
* plasma-watery matrix
* cells and cell fragments
* moved by heart through blood vessels
* exchanges water and solutes between plasma and interstitial fluid
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lymph
* lymphatic vessels
* collected from interstitial fluid
* returned to blood at large veins near heart
* maintain solute levels, blood volume, and alert immune system of infection
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Supporting connective tissue
cartilage and bone
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Cartilage
* solid, rubbery matrix of firm gel
* chondrocytes are cells
* small chambers (lacunae)
* set apart by perichrondrium
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hyaline cartilage
* between ribs and sternum, bones in mobile joints, areas of respiratory system
* most common
* stiff flexible support reduces friction
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Elastic Cartilage
* External ear and other smaller internal structures
* increased flexibility
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Fibrocartilage
* knee joint, pubic bones or pelvies, invertebrate discs
* resists compression, prevents bone to bone contact, limits relative movement
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Bone
* solid, crystalline matrix
* small amount of ground substance
* 2/3 matrix is calcium salts
* mostly calcium phosphate and some calcium carbonate
* many collagen fibers
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Muscle tissue
* 40% of body weight
* smallest muscle in inner ear
* over 600 muscles in the human body
* can only contract
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Functions of muscular tissue
* movement of body
* movement of blood around cardiovascular system
* movement of materials around digestive tract
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Locations and types of Muscular Tissue
* skeletal muscle attached to bone
* smooth muscle in walls of hollow organs
* cardiac muscle in heart
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Skeletal Muscle
* long, cylindrical, striated, multinucleate cells
* voluntary
* moves skeleton, guards organ entrances for digestive, respiratory, urinary, generates hear, and protects internal organs
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Cardiac Muscle
* short, branched, single nucleus cells
* connected by intercalated disks
* involuntary
* move blood, maintain blood pressure
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Smooth Muscle
* involuntary
* short, spindle-shaped, single nucleus cells
* move food, urine, reproductive secretions, control diameter or respiratory passageways and blood vessels
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Distinguishing Characteristics of Muscular Tissue
* thin, elongated, cylindrical cells
* elongated nuclei
* contractile
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Nervous Tissue
* 98% in brain and spinal cord
* 2% in nerves
* conduction of electrical impulses
* axon, dendrites, neurological cells, neuron
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Neurons
transfer information around body, process information
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Neuroglia
Maintain physcial structure of neural tissue, provide nutrients to neurons
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Distinguishing Characteristics of Nervous Tissue
cells have long tendrils, communicate to each other and other body parts
