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Histology Flashcards

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1
Q

Where does oogenesis occur?

A
  • the ovaries

- production of oocyte (gametes)

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2
Q

Explain the histological appearance of the ovaries?

A
  • outer cortex (formed of follicles and connective tissue) [outer layer germinal epithelium, inner = tunica albuginea]
  • inner medulla
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3
Q

What lies deeper on the surface of the ovary, the tunica albuginea or the germinal epithelium

A
  • tunica albuginea deeper

- germinal epithelium more superficial

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4
Q

Define oogenesis?

A
  • development of oocyte from oogonia
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5
Q

Define folliculogenesis?

A
  • growth and development of follicle

- supports the oocyte

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6
Q

Define atresia?

A
  • the process of apoptosis leading to loss of oogonia and oocyte
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7
Q

What is meiosis?

A
  • formation of haploid gamete cells
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8
Q

At which stage of meiosis is follicular development first halted at?

A
  • prophase 1

- may be dormant for decades

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9
Q

What are the processes of follicular development

A
  • follicule halted at prophase 1 (primordial follicles)
  • further development = multiplication
  • antrum formation
  • secondary follicle formation
  • mature graafian folicle
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10
Q

What is a primary follicle?

A
  • cuboidal granulosa cells (zona granulosa)
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11
Q

What changes occur between primary follicular cell and mature Graafian follicle?

A
  • stromal cell association - theca interna and theca externa

- antral enlargement

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12
Q

What is the role of the theca interna?

A
  • endocrine

- oestrogens and progesterones

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13
Q

what occurs 1 day before ovulation?

A
  • completion of meiosis 1

- production of secondary oocyte and tiny polar body?

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14
Q

what is a tiny polar body?

A
  • formed during meiosis

- rather than 2 equal size cells, one is larger than the other

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15
Q

When does meiosis finally completed?

A
  • after ovulation and fertilisation

- 2nd tiny polar body formed

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16
Q

What is follicular stigma?

A
  • when the largest follicle presses against the ovary wall for ovulation
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17
Q

Post ovulation the follicle becomes known as?

A
  • corpous luteum
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18
Q

What happens to the corpus luteum if fertilisation does not occur?

A
  • corpus albicans
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19
Q

What occurs to the corpus luteum is implantation occurs?

A
  • HCG secretion

- prevents degradation of corpus luteum

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20
Q

Where does fertilisation normally occur?

A
  • ampulla of uterine tube
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21
Q

Histological appearance of the ampulla?

A
  • mucosa highly folded with simple columnar epithelium, ciliated cells and secretory cells
  • surrounded by smooth muscle
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22
Q

3 layers of the uterus?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • endometrium
  • myometrium
  • perimetrium
23
Q

endometrium can be divided into 2 layers?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • stratum functionalis

- stratum basalis

24
Q

Role of stratum functionalis?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • inner layer of endometrium

- monthly growth and degeneration

25
role of stratum basalis
- endometrium reserve | - reconstruction of stratum functionalis during proliferative stage
26
What occurs to the stratum functionalis during mensturation?
- arteriole constriction - tissue iscahemia - tissue breakdown
27
What lines the vaginal end of the cervix?
- stratified squamous epithelium
28
What is the transition zone of the cervix?
- stratified squamous epithelium | - mucous secreting simple columnar epithelium
29
What is a nabothian cyst
- blockage of the endocervical glands
30
4 layers of the vagina?
- non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium - lamina propria - fibromuscular layer - adventitia
31
histology of the labia major?
- hair follicles | - apocrine and sebaceous glands
32
Histology go the labia minora?
- skin folds | - rich in vasculature
33
Cell type up to the hymen and then what does it change to?
- keratinised epithelium to hymen | - change to non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium
34
What covers the clitoris
- fibrocollagenous sheath
35
The breast lies anterior to the ____-
- pectoralis muscle
36
What is the breast composed of?
- lobules - ducts - connective tissue - fat
37
What are the suspensory ligaments of the breast?
- fibrous connective tissue anchored tot deep fascia then to dermis of the skin - thicker in superior portion
38
What is the basic functional secretory unit of the breast
- the terminal duct lobular unit (TDLU)
39
Explain the route from the terminal ductules?
- terminal ductules -> intralobular duct -> lactiferous duct -> lactiferous sinus -> breast
40
Why is the lobules of the breast surrounded with loose connective tissue?
- to allow for expansion during pregnancy
41
what cell type lines the acini?
- secretory epithelium | - varies from cuboidal to columnar
42
Secretory cells in the breast are surrounded by what?
- myopethielial cells | - contractile
43
Explain the histology of the nipple?
- wrinkled surface covered by a thin highly pigmented keratinised stratified squamous epithelium - dense irregular connective tissue core and smooth muscle bundles
44
Why does the nipple contain sebaceous glands
- no hair cells present but sebaceous glands present | - allow for lubrication and protection
45
Composition of breast milk?
- 88% water - 1.5% protein - 7% carbohydrates - 3.5% lipids
46
Mammary gland changes during menstruation
- during the luteal phase epithelial cells increase in height - lumina of ducts enlarge - small amounts of secretions in ducts
47
Explain mammary gland changes in pregnancy?
- 1st trimester = elongation and branching of ducts. proliferation of epithelial and myoepithelial cells - 2nd trimester = glandular tissue development and secretory alveoli - 3rd trimester = maturation
48
Oestrogen and progesterone effect on mammary glands
- proliferation of secretory tissue and fibrofatty tissue becomes sparse
49
Two types of secretion in the breast?
- apocrine (lipids) | - merocrine (proteins_
50
explain apocrine secretion in the breast
- lipids released with small amounts of cytoplasm
51
explain merocrine secretion
- protein in milk are made in rER - Secreted via vesicles at apical membrane - only contents released - aka. exocytosis
52
Changes to the mammary glands following the menopause
- secretory TDLUs degenerate | - reduction in fat
53
Arterial supply to the breast
- lateral mammary artery (lateral thoracic) | - medial mmamary artery (internal thoracic)
54
Venous drainage of the breast
- medial mammary vein (internal thoracic) | - lateral mammary vein (lateral thoracic vein)

Reproduction (25 decks)

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