Histology

Question 1

what do hematoxylin and eosin stain, respectively

Answer 1

hematoxylin (blue, basic) - nuclei acids in nuclei and ribosomes

eosin (pink, acidic) - cytoplasm, collagen, RBC

Question 2

can you see plasma membrane with LM?

Answer 2

no

appears trilaminar in EM

Question 3

how do ribosomes stain with H&E in LM

Answer 3

blue-purple

Question 4

how does SER stain in LM

Answer 4

eosinophilic (pink)

Question 5

can you see golgi with LM

Answer 5

no - need special prep

looks like stack of pancake membranes in EM

Question 6

can you see secretory vesicles in LM

Answer 6

yes - dark pink granules

in EM look like dark membrane-bound vesicles of different sizes

Question 7

can you see mitochondria with LM

Answer 7

no

CAN be seen with EM

Question 8

can you see cytoskeleton with LM

Answer 8

no

can be seen with EM
microtubules largest, intermediate filaments, microfilaments (actin) smallest

Question 9

how do microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments appear in EM

Answer 9

microfilaments (actin) - lines or dots - microvilli, stereocilia, cytokinesis

microtubules - tubes or open circles (depending on direction of cut) - cilia, flagella, centrioles, mitotic spindles, transport

intermediate filaments - lines

Question 10

how does glycogen appear in LM

Answer 10

magenta/red (stained with PAS)

Question 11

how do melanin, lipofuscin (aging pigment) and hemosiderin (RBC breakdown) appear in LM

Answer 11

shades of brown

Question 12

can routine H&E depict glycogen or lipid

Answer 12

no - needs special prep

Question 13

cells with lots of mitochondria stain more ___

Answer 13

eosinophilic (but can’t make out mitochondria on LM, need EM)

Question 14

which germ layer does epithelia originate from

Answer 14

all 3

Question 15

paracrine vs endocrine secretion

Answer 15

paracrine - neighboring cell

endocrine - through bloodstream to farther away

Question 16

serous vs mucous secretion

Answer 16

serous: zymogen granules with enzymes, proteins, sweat, water

mucous: glycoproteins, lubrication, barrier

*note that some glands are mixed, and contain serous demilunes

Question 17

what kind of gland secretion contains sweat

Answer 17

serous secretion

Question 18

what kind of gland secretion is for lubrication and protection

Answer 18

mucous secretion

Question 19

merocrine vs apocrine vs holocrine uses

Answer 19

merocrine: exocitosis (parotid, pancreas, eccrine sweat glands)

apocrine: axilla, lactating mammary

holocrine: oily sebum from sebaceous glands

Question 20

what method of secretion is used to release oily sebum from sebaceous glands of skin

Answer 20

holocrine

Question 21

what is most common form of gland secretion for exocytosis by parotid, pancreas, and eccrine sweat glands?

Answer 21

merocrine

Question 22

what method of secretion is used by axilla and lactating mammary

Answer 22

apocrine

Question 23

which stains darker with H&E, exocrine or endocrine tissue?

Answer 23

exocrine stains darker (dark pink)

endocrine is light pink

Question 24

parenchyma

Answer 24

glandular epithelial cells of gland (connective tissue makes up stroma)

Question 25

terminal bar seen in ___ = junctional complex seen in ____

Answer 25

LM - terminal bar EM - junctional complex (zonula occludins/ tight junctions, zonula adherens/ belt desmosomes, macula adherens/ spot desmosomes)

Question 26

how are nutrients supplied to epithelia

Answer 26

diffusion - epithelia is AVASCULAR

Question 27

carcinomas

Answer 27

malignant tumors of epithelia

Question 28

functions of simple squamous epithelium (5)

Answer 28

diffusion, filtration, fluid transport, gas exchange, lubrication

Question 29

what kind of tissue lines vessels (specifically)

Answer 29

simple squamous - referred to as endothelium in vessels *endothelial cel dysfunction plays a key role in atherosclerosis*

Question 30

what kind of tissue makes up mesothelium (serosa - pleura, pericardium, peritoneum)

Answer 30

simple squamous epithelium mesothelium - lines organ cavities *serous fluid reduces friction*

Question 31

what type of tissue (specifically) makes up Bowman’s capsule and loop of Henle

Answer 31

simple squamous epithelium

Question 32

what kind of tissue (specifically) makes up lung alveoli

Answer 32

simple squamous epithelium - for easy gas exchange

Question 33

this type of tissue is found in small glandular ducts, kidney tubules, and follicular cells of thyroid

Answer 33

simple cuboidal epithelium - for secretion and absorption *hyperthyroidism exhibits tall follicular cells, hypothyroidism exhibits flat follicular cells*

Question 34

this type of tissue is found in large ducts of some glands, most of digestive tract, gallbladder, nasal sinuses and small bronchi, oviducts and uterus, and ductuli efferents of testis. what is?

Answer 34

simple columnar epithelium - function in absorption, secretion, protection, transportation many have apical cell surface modifications (cilia, microvilli, stereocilia)

Question 35

how do microvilli, stereocilia, cilia, and flagella appear in imaging

Answer 35

actin core: microvilli - finger-like projections (brush-border) stereocilia - long, immobile microvilli (whispy) microtubule core: cilia - hair-like exentsions (short hair) flagella - single, long cilia

Question 36

where are keratinized and nonkeratinzied stratified squamous epithelium found, respectively

Answer 36

keratinized - skin nonkeratinized - mouth, epiglottis, vocal cords, esophagus, anal canal, vagina *protection and prevents dehydration

Question 37

where can you find stratified cuboidal epithelium

Answer 37

ducts of eccrine sweat glands and mammary glands

Question 38

where can you find stratified columnar epithelium

Answer 38

large excretory ducts, parts of male urethra, pharynx, salivary glands, mammary glands (NOT ducts), conjunctiva of eye *apical layer with differentiated cells, mitotic basal layer with nondifferentiated cells

Question 39

the nasal cavity, trachea, primary bronchi, auditory tube, epididymus, ductus/vas deferens, and male urethra are made of what type of tissue

Answer 39

psuedostratified columnar epithelium *absorption, secretion, transportation via cilia, lubrication (via goblet cells), protection

Question 40

where can transitional epithelium be found

Answer 40

aka uroepithelium - protection and distensibility lines urinary system - renal calyces, ureters, bladder, urethra *can be binucleated

Question 41

on what cells will you find stereocilia?

Answer 41

psuedostratified columnar epithelium ONLY

Question 42

what kind of cells will have basophilic cytoplasm?

Answer 42

cells actively synthesizing proteins for export (large amounts of RNA in their cytoplasm)

Question 43

what is the diameter of an erythrocyte

Answer 43

7.7um

Question 44

what kind of cells have multiple and larger nucleoli?

Answer 44

cells that are actively growing and dividing nucleoli are involved in activation of oncogenes and tumor suppressors

Question 45

cilia is made of a core of microtubules in what arrangement?

Answer 45

9 + 2 rule 9 doublets and 1 center doublet (remember that centrioles are 9 triplets)

Question 46

Type XVII collagen, laminin 5, and fibronectin can be found in what layer of the basal lamina?

Answer 46

lamina lucida

Question 47

type IV collagen, laminin 1, and perclecan can be found in what layer of the basal lamina?

Answer 47

lamina densa

Question 48

type I, III, and VII collagen, proteoglycans, and fibronectin can be found in what layer of the basal lamina?

Answer 48

lamina reticularis

Question 49

T/F: you will never find cilia or stereocilia at the cell surface of stratified epithelium

Answer 49

TRUE

Question 50

the core of microvilli is made of

Answer 50

actin (also the core of stereocilia)

Question 51

how can you distinguish cartilage and bone? a. chondrocyte cytoplasmic extensions allow for communication within small channels in the matrix b. cartilage matrix stains basophilic, bone matrix stains eosinophilic c. all bone exhibits Haversian systems. Cartilage does not exhibit Haversian systems

Answer 51

b. cartilage stains basophilic, bone stains eosinophilic cartilage is avascular, bone is vascular mineralized matrix of bone is layered as lamellae with osteocytes in lacunae that communicate via canaliculi both compact and spongy bone have lamellae and canaliculi BUT only compact bone has Haversian systems

Question 52

what granules do mast cells contain

Answer 52

heparin (anticoagulant), serotonin (vasoconstrictor), histamine (vasodilation and vascular leakage)

Question 53

what kind of cartilage is found in symphyses, tendons insertion on bones, and articular discs in joints?

Answer 53

fibrocartilage chondrocytes are arranged in rows with prominent bundles of type I collagen in between rows. NO perichondrium (because it is between hyaline cartilages) in symphyses (pubic, sternal angle, and intervertebral discs) it is sandwiched between two layers of hyaline cartilage