Histology

Question 1

how do cells comunicate?

Answer 1

gap junctions

Question 2

What are the different types of secretions?

Answer 2

autocrine secretion(secretes by itself)
paracrine(stimulates the one beside it)
endocrine(uses circulation to take secreted hormones to peripheral tissues)
synaptic(uses nerve ends)

Question 3

What are hormones made of?

Answer 3

fatty acid/ steroid derivatives (cholesterol compounds)

Proteins/peptides

aminoacid derivatives

Question 4

What are the cholesterol derived hormones secreted by?

Answer 4

adrenal cortex,ovaries and testes

Question 5

What are the protein/peptide derived hormones secreted by?

Answer 5

hypothalamus
pituitary gland
pancreas
enteroendocrine cells

Question 6

What are the amino acid derived hormones secreted by?

Answer 6

adrenal medulla and nuerons

Question 7

What are the divisions of the pituitary gland?

Answer 7

adenohypophysis(anterior lobe)
neurohypophysis(posterior lobe)

Question 8

Subdivisions of Adenohypophysis?

Answer 8

pars distalis
pars tuberalis
pars intermedia

Question 9

Subdivisions of neurohypophysis?

Answer 9

pars nervosa
infundibular stalk/stem
median eminence

Question 10

What does the Adenohypophysis do vs what the neurohypophysis?

Answer 10

adeno= secretes hormones
neuro=save up the hormones that were produced by the hypothalamus

Question 11

Neurohypophysis contains axons that extend from?

Answer 11

Hypothalamus passing infundibulum stalk into the posterior lobe. Hypothalamus nuclei that extend the axons are paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei

Question 12

Supraoptic nuclei produces which hormone?

Answer 12

ADH

Question 13

Paraventricular nuclei produces which hormone?

Answer 13

oxytocin

Question 14

Anterior lobe is composed of what epithelium?

Answer 14

glandular epithelium

Question 15

Posterior lobe is composed of what?

Answer 15

nervous tissue

Question 16

What is the arrow showing?

Answer 16

Rathke pouche( which are colloid filled cysts) (protein accumulations)

Question 17

Anterior lobe(adenohypophysis) is divided into 2 type cells?

Answer 17

Chromophils(color)(have acidophils and basophils)
Chromophobes(colorless)

Question 18

Anterior pituitary(adenohypophysis) acidophils cells are?

Answer 18

Somatotroph(produce GH)(cause growth of tisssue,organs,bone)
Mammotroph(produce PRL)(stimulate milk production)

Question 19

Anterior pituitary(adenohypophysis) basophils cells are?

Answer 19

Corticotroph(produce ACTH)(stimulate adrenal hormone release from adrenal cortex)
Gonadotroph(produce LH,FSH)(cause spermatogenesis and stimulates follicule development in ovaries)
Thyrotroph(produce TSH)(stimulate thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones)

Question 20

Pars distalis of Anterior pituitary is composed of which cells?

Answer 20

Chromophobes
*do not stain because very little cytoplasm
*have phagocytic capabilities as well as stem cell capabilities
*act as stem cells to regenerate parenchymal cells that were lost
*help support chromophils
*help chromophils release their hormones

Question 21

Where are the hormones produced in the hypothalamus stored in the posterior lobe(neurohypophysis)?

Answer 21

Herring bodies(store ADH and oxytocin)

Question 22

What are the pituicytes?

Answer 22

pituicytess are cells located inside of the herring bodies. Help support/keep healthy the axons and the herring bodies

Question 23

How are the Thyroid gland cells arranged?

Answer 23

arranged in spherical structures. there are surrounding colloid(accumulations of proteins).
can be called:thyrocytes,follicular cells and principal cells

Question 24

Where does the thyroid hormone form in the thyroid gland tissue cells?

Answer 24

inside the colloid area

Question 25

Thyroid colloid contains what kind of protein?

Answer 25

thyroglobulin (thyroglobulin is used as pre cursor to activate thyroid hormones)(since the colloid is where the thyroid hormones are formed than we need thyroglobulin here)

Question 26

What are the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland?

Answer 26

cells that do not colloid area (produce calcitonin which regulates Ca in our body)(reduces osteoclast action) - parafolicular cells are also called C cells Calcitonin is an antagonist to PTH( because when Ca is high than calcitonin is released to lower Ca levels)

Question 27

Where are the Parathyroid gland located?

Answer 27

behind the thyroid gland (has 2 in the superior and 2 in the inferior

Question 28

What are the parathyroid gland cells?

Answer 28

oxyfils and functional/chief cells or principal cells. Oxyfils= larger than chief cells and usually are chief cells but that got older chief cells= secrete PTH

Question 29

What does the PTH(parathyroid hormone) do?

Answer 29

controls levels of Ca+. ex: If we have patient that is constantly having low Ca+ it means that PTH is constantly being stimulated(by PTH being constantly secreted that means that there is a hypertrophy of the chief cell because it enlarge and thus constantly is secreting PTH)

Question 30

Adrenal gland divides into?

Answer 30

cortex and medulla

Question 31

What does the adrenal CORTEX divide into?

Answer 31

Zona glomerulosa( salt)(mineralcorticoids)(ex: aldosterone which helps to control de ions Na+/K+) Zona fasiculatta(sugar)(glucocorticoids)(ex. cortisol)(produce increase of glucose to reduce inflammation) Zona reticularis(sex)(androgens)(ex. DHEA and antiosdione)

Question 32

What does the adrenal MEDULLA secrete?

Answer 32

Catecholamines (epinephrine)(adrenaline)(norepinephrine)(control sympathetic system)

Question 33

Zona fasicullata has one specific type of cell, what is it called?

Answer 33

spongiocysts(have a large quantity of lipids and store cholesterol)

Question 34

Medulla has one type of cell, what is it called?

Answer 34

chromaffin cells(dye brown because they have catecholamines inside)(are considered to be sympathetic post ganglionic cells because have sympathetic innervation)

Question 35

Endocrine Pancreas are composed of what type of cell?

Answer 35

Islet of Laangerhands

Question 36

Islet of Laangerhans(of the endocrine pancreas) divide into what type of cells?

Answer 36

A cell(alpha)=secrete glucagon B cell(beta)=secrete insulin D cell(delta)=secrete somastatin F cell(PP)=secrete pancreatic polypeptides Epsilon cell=secrete Ghrelin(related to hunger)

Question 37

Where is the pineal gland located?

Answer 37

posterior wall of the brain in the third ventricle