Histology

Question 1

What is the tunica adventitia

Answer 1

the outer layer of the blood vessel made up of connective tissue, much larger in veins for protection as they tend to be more superficial in the body

Question 2

what is the tunica media

Answer 2

the middle layer of blood vessels consisting of smooth muscles and some elastic fibres, much larger in arteries

Question 3

what are the three conformations of the capillaries

Answer 3

continous
fenestrated
discontinuous

Question 4

what are the properties of continuous capillaries

Answer 4

epithelial cells line side by side with no gaps, pericytes in the lining and a continuous basal membrane

Question 5

what are the properties of discontinuous capillaries

Answer 5

larger gaps and discontinuous basal membrane, therefore providing a leaky function

Question 6

what are the properties of fenestrated capillaries

Answer 6

There are pores in them but the basal membrane remains continuous

Question 7

Where are fenestrated capillaries found

Answer 7

gut mucosa, endocrine and kidney

Question 8

what capillaries would you find in the spleen, liver and bone marrow

Answer 8

discontinuous

Question 9

where are continuous capillaries found

Answer 9

lung, nerve, skin and muscle tissue

Question 10

describe the flow of blood in the context of blood vessels

Answer 10

heart - arteries - arterioles - terminal arteriole, meta-arteriole - pre capillary sphincters - capillary bed - lymphatics - post-capillary venules - venules -veins - back to the heart

Question 11

what structures control blood flow in the capillaries

Answer 11

pre-capillary sphincters

Question 12

what is the tunica intima

Answer 12

inner most layer of blood vessel and is comprised of simple squamous epithelial cells supported by the basal laminate and connective tissue

Question 13

What are the components of blood

Answer 13

45% formed elements (erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets) 55% plasma (water, proteins and nutrients)

Question 14

List the leukocytes in order of proportion (most to least abundant)

Answer 14

neutrophils
lymphocytes
eosinophils
monocytes
basophils

Question 15

Give an account of veins

Answer 15

carry deoxygenated blood, small/thin TM but thicker TA and have valves to prevent backflow of blood

Question 16

Give an example where valves are defective in the veins of the limbs

Answer 16

varicose veins

Question 17

What separates the tunica intima from the tunica media

Answer 17

internal elastic membrane

Question 18

What is the vasa vasorum

Answer 18

Vasculature in arteries that provide nutrients to the tunica adventitia because the thickness is so large

Question 19

What are meta arterioles?

Answer 19

blood vessels that it before the capillaries and have a discontinuous layer of smooth muscle with pericytes wrapped around the endothelial cells allowing more flexibility

Question 20

What are terminal arterioles

Answer 20

contain continuous smooth muscle, because of this muscular wall allows for contraction and dilation to regulate bloodflow

Question 21

What is Fascia?

Answer 21

the connective tissue that covers all the structures of the body

Question 22

loose connective tissue that is a meshwork of collagen and elastic fibres and space in between filled with adipose tissue. Which type of fascia is it?

Answer 22

superficial fascia

Question 23

What is deep fascia?

Answer 23

dense and tightly packed connective tissue lacking in adipose tissue

Question 24

Fascia around the body is separated into different regions and is non-continuous, true or false?

Answer 24

False, fascia runs continuously throughout the body

Question 25

Where is deep fascia absent in the body?

Answer 25

In the face

Question 26

What does septae mean?

Answer 26

deep fascia that separates limbs into compartments

Question 27

What processes is the fascia active in

Answer 27

- Thermoregulation - Protective padding - Support for tissues / organs - Reduces friction - Transmits mechanical force - Proprioceptive feedback (rich nerve supply) - Myofascial system (muscles and fascia are tightly woven and interdependent )

Question 28

What is compartment syndrome

Answer 28

because the fascia is structured in compartments, if there is a bleed or fluid release it can increase the pressure in one compartment and cause tissue necrosis

Question 29

What is plantar fasciitis

Answer 29

inflammation of the plantar fascia which supports the arches of the foot

Question 30

Name the types of voluntary and involuntary muscles

Answer 30

smooth muscle - involuntary skeletal muscle - voluntary

Question 31

what kind of muscle has striations?

Answer 31

skeletal muscle and cardiac but stations are less prominent in the latter

Question 32

Name three forms of connective tissue

Answer 32

soft connective, hard connective and muscle

Question 33

tendons and ligaments are examples of which connective tissue?

Answer 33

soft

Question 34

cartilage is smooth connective tissue, true or false?

Answer 34

false, it is considered hard connective tissue

Question 35

A neuron that has one axon and one dendrite is described as?

Answer 35

bipolar

Question 36

What are pseudo-unipolar neurons?

Answer 36

neurons that have a single process that branches out from the cell body and then splits into one end which is the axon and the other the dendrite

Question 37

multipolar neurons have one axon and multiple dendrites, true or false?

Answer 37

true

Question 38

what are dendrites

Answer 38

they receive sensory stimulus and transmit it to the axon

Question 39

What is the role of an axon

Answer 39

sends signals to the central nervous system typically the spinal cord

Question 40

what are microglia

Answer 40

macrophages of the brain

Question 41

what are astrocytes

Answer 41

most abundant glial cells in the brain and responsible for maintaining the blood-brain barrier and supporting ion transport

Question 42

Name 3 types of glial cells

Answer 42

astrocytes oligodendrocytes microglia

Question 43

Which glial cell is responsible for the production of myelin sheath

Answer 43

oligodendrocytes

Question 44

Give examples of structures that are made out of microtubules

Answer 44

flagella, cilia and spindle fibres

Question 45

What are microtubules

Answer 45

part of the cytoskeleton that is composed of two alpha and beta-alternating tubulin subunits

Question 46

microfilaments are composed of actin fibres, true or false

Answer 46

true

Question 47

which part of the cytoskeleton is responsible for the mechanical strength and stability of the cell

Answer 47

intermediate filaments

Question 48

which part of the cytoskeleton is responsible for dividing the cell during cytokinesis

Answer 48

the microfilaments

Question 49

Where is regular soft connective tissue found

Answer 49

tendon

Question 50

in the dermis, loose soft connective tissue is found irregularly, true or false?

Answer 50

false, it is dense connective tissue in the dermis but it is an irregular manner

Question 51

where can loose connective tissue be found?

Answer 51

the mesentery because there are cells packed amongst the fibres

Question 52

What kind of secretions are found in the parotid gland?

Answer 52

serous secretions so watery

Question 53

What secretions are found in the submandibular gland?

Answer 53

more serous secreting than mucus secreting

Question 54

more serous secretions are found in the sublingual gland than mucus secretions, true or false?

Answer 54

false, there are more sticky secretions (mucus)

Question 55

What kind of glands are endocrine and exocrine glands considered

Answer 55

endocrine (ductless) exocrine (ducted)

Question 56

What are ductless glands?

Answer 56

glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream - goes towards the basal end of the membrane and into the vascular system

Question 57

What are ducted glands

Answer 57

hormones are secreted to the apical end of the cell - sends it to specific body surfaces and cavities - tends to serve a localised function