Histology

Question 1

what is the primary function of the filiform papillae?

Answer 1

Mechanical scraper due to its keratinized surface

Question 2

Salivary glands secrete what 2 important minerals for dental development?

Answer 2

calcium & phosphate

Question 3

What are other important functions of the salivary glands besides aiding food digestion?

Answer 3

Bicarbonate buffer for oral cavity; regulator of oral flora; secretes IgA

Question 4

The acinus of a salivary gland contains cells that secret what?

Answer 4

serous (protein) & mucous (mucin)

Question 5

What is the largest salivary serous gland?

Answer 5

the Parotid gland

Question 6

the submandibular gland secretes mostly what?

Answer 6

serous secretions

Question 7

the sublingual gland secretes mostly what?

Answer 7

mucous type

Question 8

List the 4 layers of the GI canal.

Answer 8

mucosal; submucosa; muscularis externa; serosa

Question 9

what is the primary function of the muscularis externa?

Answer 9

segmentation & peristalsis

Question 10

Enzyme & hormone secreting cells are located within which sublayer of the mucosa?

Answer 10

epithelium

Question 11

The mucosal epithelium of the stomach consists of what which epithelial type?

Answer 11

simple columnar epithelium that consists of goblet cells

Question 12

The lamina propria consist of what?

Answer 12

loose C.T. & MALT

Question 13

The tongue consits of what type of epithelium?

Answer 13

stratified squamous

Question 14

what kind of papillae would you expect to find along the lateral aspects of the tongue?

Answer 14

foliate papillae

Question 15

what is the primary function of moat?

Answer 15

retain fluid secreted by glands beneath

Question 16

Intercalated ducts secrete……….& absorb………….?

Answer 16

bicarbonic acid; chloride ions

Question 17

striated ducts secrete……………..& absorb…………..?

Answer 17

Potassium & bicarbonic ions; sodium ions

Question 18

What CN passes through the parotid gland and what is the clinical significance of this?

Answer 18

CN VII; assoc. w/ mumps

Question 19

the mucosa of the esophagus is of what epithelial type?

Answer 19

stratified squamous (non-keratinized)

Question 20

Meissner’s (submucosal) plexus is located in which layer of the esophagus?

Answer 20

submucosa

Question 21

what is the primary function of the esophageal submucosa?

Answer 21

distension during swallowing

Question 22

the myenteric (Auterbach’s) plexus can be found in which esophageal layer?

Answer 22

muscularis

Question 23

describe the muscle fiber arrangements throughout the esophagus.

Answer 23

upper 1/3: striated
middle 1/3: mixed striated & smooth
lower 1/3: smooth

Question 24

the esophageal adventitia contains what important vessles?

Answer 24

lymphatic & blood vessles

Question 25

esophageal glands secrete what?

Answer 25

mucus

Question 26

which type of esophageal gland is located in the submucosa?

Answer 26

esophageal glands proper

Question 27

esophageal cardiac glands are found in which layer of the esophagous?

Answer 27

lamina propria

Question 28

what is the primary role of cardiac glands in the stomach?

Answer 28

mainly secrete mucin to protect esophageal epithelium from gastric reflux

Question 29

pyloric glands primarily secrete what?

Answer 29

viscous secretion

Question 30

what epithelial type is the stomach endothelium?

Answer 30

simple columnar epithelium

Question 31

what are the 4 main components of gastric juice?

Answer 31

HCl; pepsin; mucus; intrinsic factor

Question 32

what is the primary function of surface mucous cells in the stomach?

Answer 32

secrete bicarbonate mucous film that protects gastric mucosa from highly acidic gastric fluid

Question 33

what is the primary role of chief cells?

Answer 33

conversion of pepsinogen to pepsin

Question 34

where are chief cells located?

Answer 34

basal portion of gastric glands

Question 35

what is the primary role of parietal cells?

Answer 35

secretion of HCl

Question 36

the content of enteroendocrine cells is released into which layer of the GI canal?

Answer 36

lamina propria

Question 37

what minerals are stored in the liver?

Answer 37

Lipophilic Vits: A, D, & K iron

Question 38

what important plasma proteins are produced in the liver?

Answer 38

albumin, VLDL, complement proteins, Clotting factors, & globulins

Question 39

List the components of the Portal Triad.

Answer 39

Bile Duct, Hepatic Artery, & Portal vein

Question 40

what is the main role of kupffer cells and where are they located?

Answer 40

Located in sinusoidal epithelial cells; these cells break down old red blood cells from the spleen

Question 41

what are the principle functions of hepatic stellate cells

Answer 41

storage of Vit. A.; collagen synthesis, blood flow regulation in the sinusoids

Question 42

what is the principle function of the Classic hepatic lobule

Answer 42

Drainage of blood From the portal vein in hepatic artery into the central vein

Question 43

What is the principal function of the portal lobule

Answer 43

Drainage of bile from the hepatocytes to the bile duct

Question 44

What is the principal function of the hepatic Acinus

Answer 44

Supplies oxygenated blood to hepatocytes

Question 45

Describe the histological characteristics of the classic lobules

Answer 45

Hexagonal Structure With a central vein in the center and portal triads at each corner of the hexagon

Question 46

What connects the hepatocytes to the sinusoids

Answer 46

space of Mall/Disse

Question 47

what happens at the BL surface of the space of Disse

Answer 47

Micro villi incr increase surface area of the sinusoids to allow maximal blood exchange Toward the absorption of blood byproducts and the secretion of plasma proteins into the bloodstream

Question 48

What happens at the apical epithelium of the space of Disse

Answer 48

bile production & secretion

Question 49

List the path of bile outflow using anatomical landmarks?

Answer 49

From the Bile canaliculi to the Canals of Hering to interlobular ducts then into the hepatic ducts which drain into the common hepatic duct from the CHD, the bile goes to the gallbladder

Question 50

At which anatomical vessel does the bile duct epithelium switch from cuboidal to columnar type epithelium?

Answer 50

Common hepatic duct

Question 51

The main pancreatic duct drains into what anatomical structure of the duodenum?

Answer 51

Major Dewattano Papala

Question 52

The accessory pancreatic duct drains into what duatanol structure

Answer 52

Minor dewotanol papilla

Question 53

Xymogen granules are stored In which part of the pancreas

Answer 53

The Acinus

Question 54

List the path zymogens take using anatomical structures

Answer 54

acinus through intercalated ducts and into the interlobular ducts then into main pancreatic duct to hepatopancreatic ampulla when proplels zymogens into the duodenum

Question 55

In which regions of the pancreas does glucose metabolism occur

Answer 55

Islets of Langerhans

Question 56

retinoids are a key source for production of what proteins?

Answer 56

growth factors

Question 57

Hepatic dysfunction can lead to cirrhosis/hepatic scarring. what is the pathological process by which this happens?

Answer 57

stellate cells synthesize large quantities of collagen leading to hepatic dysfunction