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MD 1 Histology (MCQ) > Histology 2 - Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Histology 2 - Connective Tissue Flashcards

(76 cards)

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1
Q

What are the Three Classes of Connective Tissue?

A
  • Cells
  • Fibers
  • Ground substance
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2
Q

CT originates from ____.

A

Mesenchyme

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3
Q

What do fibroblasts synthesize? (6)

A
  • Collagen
  • Elastin
  • Glycosaminoglycans
  • Proteoglycans
  • Proteins
  • Growth factors
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4
Q

What are the two Fibroblast Stages of Activity?

A
  1. Active - abundant, irregularly branched cytoplasm, ovoid large nucleus, fine chromatin
  2. Quiescent - spindle-shaped, small dark nucleus (also called fibrocyte)
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5
Q

Name the type of connective tissue cell:

A

Quiescent fibroblasts

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6
Q

Name the type of connective tissue cell:

A

Active fibroblasts

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7
Q

Name the type of connective tissue cell:

A

Fibroblasts

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8
Q

Sarcoma

A

Tumors arising from the mesoderm (bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, vascular

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9
Q

Carcinoma

A

Tumors arising from epithelium

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10
Q

What are the characteristics of Macrophages?

A

Mononuclear phagocytes

Derived from bone marrow precursors → Monocytes → enter connective tissue as mature macrophage

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11
Q

What are some Examples of Macrophages (5)?

A

Liver - Kupffer cells

CNS - microglial cells

Skin - Langerhans cells

Bones - osteoclasts

Connective Tissue - multinucleated giant cells

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12
Q

Name the type of connective tissue cell:

A

Macrophages

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13
Q

Name the type of connective tissue cell:

A

Macrophages

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14
Q

Kupffer Cells

A
  • Macrophages in liver
  • Found on luminal surface of endothelial cells
  • Metaboilize aged red blood cells, digest hemoglobin, and destroy bacteria
  • Make up 15% of cells in the liver
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15
Q

What is the Function of Mast Cells?

A

Storage and delivery of chemical mediators of inflammatory response

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16
Q

What are some Characteristics of Mast Cells (3)?

A
  • Cytoplasm is filled iwth basophilic secretory granules, containing histamine and heparin
  • Abundant in dermis, digestive, and respiratory tracts
  • Surface contains receptors for IgE
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17
Q

Name the type of connective tissue cell:

A

Mast Cells

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18
Q

Name the type of connective tissue cell:

A

Mast Cells

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19
Q

Name the type of connective tissue cell:

A

Mast Cells

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20
Q

What are some Characteristics of Plasma Cells (5)?

A
  • Large, ovoid cells with basophilic cytoplasm due to rough endoplasmic reticulum
  • Pale region due to Golgi complex
  • Nucleus “clock faced” hoarse chormatin alternating with lighter areas
  • Short lifespan of 10-20 days
  • Derived from B lymphcytes
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21
Q

Name the type of connective tissue cell:

A

Plasma Cells

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22
Q

Name the type of connective tissue cell:

A

Plasma Cells

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23
Q

What is Extramedullary Plasmocytoma?

A
  • Solitary tumor composed of monoclonal proliferation of cells with plasmacytic differentiation
  • Primary when alone, secondary multiple myeloma
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24
Q

What is one role of Leukocytes (WBC)?

A
  • Migrate from blood vessels to CT across endoethelium (diapedesis)
  • Diapedesis increases with inflammation
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25
What areAdipose Cells?
Fat cell, specialized in storage of fats and production of heat
26
Name the type of connective tissue cell:
Adipocytes
27
How abundant is Collagen in the human body?
The most abundant protein the human body (30% of dry weight)
28
What Collagen Type(s) Form Long Fibrils?
Types I, II, III, V, XI Most abundant is type I Found in bones, dentin, tendons, organ capsules, and dermis
29
What are the Fibril Associated Collagen Types?
Types IX, XII, XIV
30
What are characteristics of Fibril Associated Collagen?
* Short structures that bind collagen to other collagen and to other comoponents of extracellular matrix * Found in fetal skin and tendon, vitreous body
31
What is the Type of Collagen that Forms Networks?
Type IV Froms basal lamina
32
What is the Type of Collagen that Forms Anchoring Fibrils?
Type VII Binds collagen to basal lamina
33
What is Collagen Birefringence and how does it work?
1. Fresh collagen strands are colorless but when present in numbers are white 2. Orientation of elongated tropocollagen molecules in collagen fibers make them birefringent (bound by hydrogen and covalent bonds) 3. Fibers started with acidic dye binding to collagen parallel to molecules 4. Fibers parallel to collagen molecules produce a strong yellow color when dyed with acidic dye → used to ID collagen
34
Name the type of collagen:
Dense, irregular collagen
35
Name the type of collagen:
Loose, dense, and irregular collagen
36
Name the type of collagen:
Loose collagen
37
How is Collagen Synthesized?
* Part of collagen synthesis occurs inside the cell, then is packaged in the Golgi and transported out of the cell to finish synthesis * Peptidases are needed to clip registration peptides
38
What are the Principal Amino Acids that make up Collagen?
Glycine and Proline
39
What are the Characteristic Amino Acids of Collagen?
Hydroxyproline and Hydroxlysine
40
What is Tropocollagen?
The protein unit that polymerizes to form collagen fibrils
41
What is Osteogenesis Imperfecta?
* "Brittle bone disease" * Genetic disorder of collagen type I, characterized by bones that break easily
42
What are some Signs and Symptoms of Osteogenesis Imperfecta?
* Multiple fractures in various stages of healing * Family history of mild symptoms * Blue sclera, translucent or discolored teeth, barrel-shaped rib cage, easy bruising * Calcium and phosphate levels WNL
43
What genetic mutations lead to osteogenesis imperfecta?
* Heterogenous family of diseases * usually caused by mutations of genes COLIA1 and COLIA2 (genes that encode the chains of type I collagen)
44
What is Ehler Danlos Syndrome?
Group of heritable disorders of collagen Genetic defect in formation of procollagen, affects skin, joints, blood vessel walls Over-flexible joints, stretchy fragile skin
45
What is Ehler Danlos Syndrome Type IV?
* Faulty trasnscription or translation of collagen type III * Aortic and/or intestinal rupture
46
What is Ehler Danlos Syndrome Type VI?
* Faulty lysine hydroxylation * Skin elasticity/rupture of eyeball
47
What is Ehler Danlos Syndrome Type VII?
* Decrease in procollagen peptidase * Joint mobility/frequent luxation
48
What is theRole of Vitamin C in Collagen Synthesis?
Cofactor for proline hydroxylase (hydroxylation of proline and lysine)
49
What is one Symptom of Vitamin C Deficiency?
Impaired wound healing
50
What are Reticular Fibers? Where are they found and what do they do?
* Made of Collagen Type III * Abundant in smooth muscle, endoneurium, spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow * Creates network around cells of parenchymal organs * Creates network around organs subject to change in volme or form
51
Identify the type of connective tissue fiber:
Reticular Fibers of Adrenal Cortex
52
Identify the type of connective tissue fiber:
Reticular Fibers of Smooth Muscle
53
What are the functions of Elastic Fiber and what are some of their Characteristics?
Form networks interspersed with collagen fibers Main function is bending and stretching
54
What are the three stages in the Development of Elastic Fibers?
* First Stage: * Core of 10 nm microfibrils form (fibrillin) * Fibrillin binds elastin foring scaffolding needed for elastin deposition * Defective fibrillin results in fragmentd elastic fibrils * Second Stage * Elastin deposited between microfibrils * Third Stage * Elastin accumulates to form fiber bundles
55
What is Oxytalan?
Elastic fiber found in zonule fibers of eye Found where dermis attaches to basal lamina Do not contain elastin, resistant to pulling
56
What is Elaunin?
Elastic fiber that contains a mixture of oxytalan and elastin Found in sweat glands and dermis
57
What are Elastic Fibers?
Elastin occupies center of fiber bundles Stretch easily to tension
58
What is Elastin Composed of?
* Rich in amino acids glycine and proline * Two characteristic amino acids desmosine and isodesmosine
59
Where are Elastic Molecules produced?
* Produced by fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells in blood vessels * Main protein found in elastic fibers * Amorphous rubber-like glycoprotein
60
What is Marfans Syndrome?
* Genetic disorder in which there is a defect in the gene encoding fibrillin production * Tall, slender habitus with long, thin extremities * Faulty cardiovascular system → Most common cause of death
61
What is Ground Substance?
* Fills space between cells and fibers in connective tissue * Highly hydrated, colorless, and transparent complex mixture of macromolecules * Contain glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, and multiadhesive glycoproteins
62
What are Glycosaminoglycans?
* Linear polysaccharides formed by repeating disaccharides
63
What are Proteoglycans?
* Core protein with 4 glycosaminoglycans * Structural components of extracellular matrix, anchor cells to matrix and bind protein growth factors
64
What are Multiadhesive Glycoproteins?
* Contain protein core with attached carbohydrates like proteoglycans * Interact with next cell and adhere cells to substrate
65
What is Fibronectin?
* Glycoprotein synthesized by fibroblasts and some epithelial cells * Binding sites for cells, collagen, and glycosaminoglycans * Interactions mediate adhesion and migration * Distributed as a network in intercellular spaces of many tissues
66
What is this?
Fibronectin
67
What is Laminin?
Large glycoprotein Participates in adhesion of epithelial cells to basal lamina
68
What is this?
Laminin
69
What are some characteristics of Loose Connective Tissue?
* Supports structure under pressure and low friction * Flexible, delicate, well vascularized * Not very resistant to stress
70
Where are Loose Connective Tissues found in the body?
Space between muscles, supports epithelia, sheaths blood vessels and lymphatics, papillary dermis, serosal linings of pleural cavities
71
Name the type of connective tissue:
Loose Connective Tissue
72
What are some functions and characteristics of Dense Connective Tissue?
* Resistance and protection * Fewer cells, more collagen fibers * Less flexible and more resistant to stress
73
What are some characteristics of Dense Regular Connective Tissue?
* Linear orientation of cells * Found in tendons * Good resistance to traction forces
74
What is this?
Dense Regular Connective Tissue
75
What is Dense Irregular Connective Tissue?
Collagen fibers arranged in bundles without orientation 3 dimensional structure provides resistance to stress from all directions
76
What is Mucous Tissue?
* Specialized connective tissue * Abundant in ground substance, especially hyaluronic acid * Cells mainly fibroblasts * Jelly-like tissues with little fibers

MD 1 Histology (MCQ) (4 decks)

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