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Histology Flashcards

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1
Q

Location of pain fibers of the kidney

A

renal pelvis
calyces
ureter
renal capsule

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2
Q

muscles the kidneys lie over in the abdominal wall

A

quadratus lumborum

psoas muscles

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2
Q

what part of the kidney does not contain afferent pain fibers

A

parenchyma

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2
Q

afferent innervation of the kidney

A

abdominal and thoracic splanchnic nerves

these terminate in the renal capsule, renal pelvis & major & minor calyces

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3
Q

divisions of the renal artery prior to entering the hilum

A

anterior and posterior divisions

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4
Q

Where do the arcuate arteries start?

A

cortico-medullary junction

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5
Q

What serves as the margins of the renal lobules?

A

interlobular arteries

these give off afferent arterioles

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6
Q

What type of gland is the kidney considered to be?

A

compound tubular gland

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7
Q

Contents of the medullary ray

A 
straight tubules (both proximal and distal)
cortical collecting ducts
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8
Q

embryologic origin of the nephron

A

metanephric blastema

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9
Q

What part designates the termination of the nephron?

A

connecting tubule

Note: the collecting ducts are not part of the nephron

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10
Q

embryologic origin of the collecting ducts

A

ureteric bud

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11
Q

do not have a loop of Henle that penetrates the inner medulla or an ascending thin limb of LOH

A

cortical nephrons

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12
Q

What type of epithelium lines Bowman’s capsule?

A

simple squamous epithelium

aka parietal epithelium

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13
Q

What type of endothelium lines the glomerular capillary?

A

fenestrated endothelium

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14
Q

What composes the visceral epithelium of the renal corpuscle?

A

podocytes

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15
Q

cells which play a role in regulating the sieving coefficient (Kf) of the glomerular filter

A

mesangial cells
They alter the caliber of the lumen of the glomerular capillaries and the size of the endothelial fenestrations with their contractile properties

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15
Q

3 Elements of the Glomerular Filtration Barrier

A 
glomerular capillary endothelium
basal lamina (shared by endothelium and epithelium) 
podocytes
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16
Q

mesangial cells are derived from?

A

bone marrow

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17
Q

cells which play a role in regulating the sieving coefficient (Kf) of the glomerular filter

A

mesangial cells

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17
Q

What generates the negative charge of the lamina rara externa?

A

heparan sulfate and other glycosaminoglycans and glycoproteins

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18
Q

What size molecules are restricted from passage through the GB lamina (GBL)?

A

36 Angstroms or 70 kD (70,000 Daltons)

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19
Q

Which layer of the GBM contains Type IV collagen fibers layered to prevent filtration of albumin

A

lamina densa

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20
Q

Which part of the GBM are pedicels of podocytes attached?

A

lamina rara externa

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21
What generates the negative charge of the lamina rara externa?
heparan sulfate and other polyanions
22
What size molecules are restricted from passage through the GBM?
36 Angstroms or 70 kD (70,000 Daltons)
23
What anchors nephrin 2 to the pedicels?
CD2-associated proteins & podocin | Podocin is attached by zonula occludin-1, F-actin and CD2-associated protein
24
Size of albumin
66-68 kD since molecules greater than 70 kD are restricted, the negative charge is important in prevention of albumin from passing into the filtrate
25
What height does the filtration sit above the glomerular basement lamina?
60 nm | It is the final barrier to the glomerular capillary lumen
26
Surface area of the rectangular filtration pore
56 nm2
27
What anchors nephrin 2 to the pedicels?
CD2-associated proteins & podocin
28
Size of albumin
66-68 kD
29
Which part of the proximal tubule is not in the cortex?
S3 It is only as long as the outer stripe of the medulla. All S3 segments terminate at the junction of the outer and inner stripes.
30
Area of the rectangular filtration pore
56 nm2
31
Receptors of the proximal tubule membrane for endocytosis of albumin
Megalin and Cubulin | these prevent protein from appearing in the urine, since protein is normally filtered daily
32
Which parts of the proximal tubule are convoluted?
S1 and part of S2
33
Transporters of the proximal tubule that remove anion molecules from the blood to the lumen
on the basolateral side: OAT1 and OAT3 and NaC3 (dicarboxylate transporter) on the luminal side: MRP2 and MRP4 greatest number of these transporters is in S2 and S3
34
Describe the differences in the S3 segment of the proximal tubule
mitochondria are smaller and ovoid (rather than long in S1-S2) much less complex
35
Enzyme of the proximal tubule that converts Vit D to the active form (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol)
1alpha-hydroxylase
36
Which segment of the proximal tubule has the greatest number of secondary lysosomes?
S2
37
Transporters of the proximal tubule that remove anion molecules from the blood to the lumen
on the basolateral side: OAT1 and OAT3 and NaC3 | on the luminal side: MRP2 and MRP4
38
Activity of these 2 enzymes is the highest in the proximal tubule brush border, higher than anywhere else in the body
gamma-glutamyltransferase | dihydropeptidase
39
Enzyme of the proximal tubule that converts Vit D to the active form
1alpha-hydroxylase
40
Which segment of the proximal tubule has the greatest number of lysosomes?
S2
41
Where do all thin descending limbs of the LOH begin?
at the junction of the inner medullary and outer medullary stripes
42
Where are ascending thin limbs found?
intermediate and juxtamedullary nephrons
43
Where does urea enter the medullary interstitium?
at the bend of the thin ascending limb in the papillary region
44
Where do all ascending thick limbs of the LOH begin?
at the junction of the inner stripe of the outer medulla with the inner medulla
45
Another name for the straight segment of the distal tubule
pars recta | may mean straight segment, in general
46
Features of the epithelium of the thick ascending limb
cuboidal no brush border Thick basolateral membrane numerous long mitochondria perpendicular to the basal lamina (almost span the thickness) central nucleus Called the "diluting segment" -> where furosemide inhibits the Na/K/2Cl transporter
47
Why is the basolateral membrane of the thick ascending limb thicker?
to accommodate the numerous Na-K ATPases required to provide the sodium gradient
48
What features of the thick ascending limb of the LOH are absent from the macula densa cells?
extensive basolateral invaginations & long mitochondria
49
Where are renin granules located?
in the modified smooth muscle cells of the afferent arteriole
51
What is the primary effect of PTH on the DCT?
promote calcium reabsorption by the Na/Ca exchanger
52
Features of the epithelial cells of the DCT
basolateral infoldings and greater-sized mitochondria push the nucleus toward the apical membrane
53
Where is the Na-Cl cotransporter exclusively located?
distal convoluted tubule
54
What is the primary effect of PTH on the DCT?
promote calcium reabsorption by the Na/Ca exchanger (NCXT) | The receptors for PTH are on the basolateral membrane
55
Where are calbindin-D28K and calcium channel TRPV5 expressed?
connecting tubule and second half of DCT
56
Which 2 distal segments reach the subcapsular space?
DCT and CCT (cortical or initial collecting tubules) Look for the capsule to help identify the segment as DCT rather than medullary thick ascending limb (the cells look the same in DCT and TAL)
57
Where is the activity of the Na-K-ATPase the greatest?
Distal convoluted tubule This is from the ppt and not logical at all
58
What 2 types of epithelial cells are located in the connecting tubule?
connecting tubule cells & intercalated cells (alpha type predominates) The connecting tubule is the first distal segment of the nephron with 2 morphologically distinct epithelial cells
59
What are the effects of aldosterone on the connecting tubule (the first segment to respond)?
increased transcription of amiloride-sensitive ENaCs and the Na-K-ATPase
60
Transporters of the alpha-intercalated cells in the cortical collecting tubule and cortical collecting duct
apical (luminal) H+-ATPase for H+ excretion basolateral Cl-/HCO3- exchanger AE1 Note: beta-intercalated cells have the Cl-/HCO3- exchanger on the apical membrane for bicarb secretion
61
Features of the intercalated cell
Darker staining larger small microvilli (microplicae) on the luminal membrane smaller ovoid nuclei thinner basolateral membrane, relative to the connecting tubule cell
62
Features of the cortical collecting duct
7-8 cortical collecting tubules merge to form 1 cortical collecting duct principal cells that respond to aldosterone (increased transcription of amiloride-sensitive ENaC & Na-K-ATPase) alpha and beta intercalated cells in similar numbers
63
Contribute to chronic metabolic acidosis in hyperglycemia
H+-ATPases in the cortical collecting tubule and duct are nonenzymatically glycosylated, making them nonfunctional
64
Factors determining K+ secretion by the cortical collecting duct and tubule
plasma levels of K+ aldosterone ANG II
65
Features of the principal cells
``` Light staining "light cell" low cuboidal few sub-nuclear basolateral infoldings ovoid nucleus highly responsive to aldosterone ```
66
Where are the cilium that serve as mechanosensors located?
principal cells of the cortical collecting duct
67
ECM protein of the cilium mechanosensor of principal cells
polycystin-1 | gene mutation implicated in ADPKD
68
calcium permeable channel of the cilium mechanosensor of principal cells
polycystin-2 | gene mutation implicated in ADPKD
69
2 transporters expressed by medullary collecting duct intercalated cells
electrogenic H+-ATPase electroneutral H+-K+-ATPase both are located on the luminal membrane and are regulated by K+ homeostasis, having important effects on acid-base homeostasis
70
Describe the inner medullary collecting duct
3 segments: IMCD1, IMCD2, IMCD3 IMCD1 is similar to the outer medullary collecting duct IMCD2 and IMCD3 has 1 cell type: columnar & devoid of organelles AQP2 (apical) APQ3 & APQ4 (basolateral) expression increased for water transport in response to ADH (AVP) Urea is transported in IMCD2 & IMCD3
71
AQP2 expression in cortical collecting tubule principal cells and connecting tubule cells
increased expression on basolateral membrane (with AQP3 & AQP4) for water reabsorption in response to aldosterone *note read slide. This info is very confusing and picky*
72
Which urea transporters are expressed exclusively in IMCD cells?
UT-A1 (apical) | UT-A3 (intracellular & basolateral)
73
Where is UT-A1 expressed?
IMCD3
74
Where is UT-A2 expressed?
descending thin limb of LOH
75
Another name for IMCD3
papillary collecting duct
76
What type of cell is involved in EPO synthesis?
type 1 cortical interstitial cells
77
Types of cortical interstitial cells
2 types: type 1 -> resembles fibroblast & synthesizes & secretes EPO type 2 -> lymphocyte like
78
What is the function of type 1 medullary interstitial cells?
``` synthesize prostaglandins (PGE2)in response to ANG (receptors for ANG are present in the medullary interstitial cells) *these do NOT synthesize EPO ```
79
Function of medullary type 2 interstitial cell
phagocytosis
80
pericyte found between two leaflets of the basement membrane of the vasa recta (in outer medulla & outer-inner medulla)
type 3 interstitial cell
81
absent from type 1 medullary interstitial cells
EPO mRNA | ecto-5'-nucleotidase
82
What mediates prostaglandin synthesis by medullary interstitial cells?
COX-2 | this increases during water deprivation and hypertonicity
83
What is in the lipid droplets of the medullary type 1 interstitial cells?
triglycerides rich in arachidonic acid and cholesterol esters
84
How many minor calices are present in a multilobar kidney?
7-12 3-4 minor calyces merge to form a major calyx 3-5 major calyces merge to form the renal pelvis
85
Parasympathetic innervation of the renal pelvis and ureters
S2-S4 via the inferior and superior hypogastric plexuses
86
Muscle layers of the ureter
Upper 2/3 has 2 outer layers of smooth muscle, the innermost layer being longitudinally oriented Lower 1/3 has a 3rd layer of outer smooth muscle oriented longitudinally.
87
arterial blood supply to the bladder
internal iliacs
88
Segments of epithelium of the urethra in males
transitional epithelium -> prostatic urethra pseudostratified columnar or stratified columnar -> membranous urethra pseudostratified columnar epithelium -> penile urethra Note: urethral opening: nonkeratinized stratified squamous
89
Segments of epithelium in female urethra
initial segment is transitional epithelium near the urethral orifice: nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium female urethra has paraurethral glands that secrete an alkaline substance
90
What type of gland is the prostate?
compound tubulo-alveolar gland
91
Key identifying feature of the prostate
concretions in the lumen and some glandular regions Other features: capsule on posterior and lateral surfaces anterior portion has no glandular epithelium and is covered in stroma

Renal (8 decks)

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